! Date: 21:7:2012 22:11
! Generated by: Bgee team
! 
! This association file refers to the file vHOG.obo where homologous organs groups are described.
! The mapping was first generated automatically using HomolOnto version 0.1, and then refined manually.
! See the documentation section of the Bgee website (http://bgee.unil.ch) for more information.
! 
! The anatomical ontologies used in this file are:
! * Danio rerio: ZFA (http://www.obofoundry.org/cgi-bin/detail.cgi?id=zebrafish_anatomy)
! * Homo sapiens: EHDAA for embryo (http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/resources/bioinf/context-plus-human.obo) and EV for adult (http://www.obofoundry.org/cgi-bin/detail.cgi?id=evoc)
! * Mus musculus: EMAPA for embryo (http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/resources/bioinf/context-plus-mouse.obo) and MA for adult (http://www.obofoundry.org/cgi-bin/detail.cgi?id=adult_mouse_anatomy)
! * Xenopus tropicalis: XAO (http://www.obofoundry.org/cgi-bin/detail.cgi?id=xenopus_anatomy)
! 
! hogConfidence codes:
! * obvious: general knowledge, no reference provided
! * well-established: reference provided
! * debated: a consensus has been chosen, a reference is provided
! * uncertain: uncertainty of the relation (no reference found, or uncertainty claimed in the reference)
! * inferred: deduced by Bgee curators from references which do not discuss this mapping explicitely; or personnal communication from experts
! * Homolonto: automatic alignment using Homolonto software
! 
! Columns:
! organId	organName	hogId	hogName	hogConfidence	refs/comments
EV:0100306	ventricular system	VHOG:0000005	brain ventricular system	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
MA:0000818	brain ventricle	VHOG:0000005	brain ventricular system	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
ZFA:0001261	ventricular system	VHOG:0000005	brain ventricular system	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:1363	4th ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:1985	4th ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:2681	4th ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:3504	4th ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:896	rhombencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16479	4th ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16917	4th ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EV:0100310	fourth ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
MA:0000196	fourth ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
XAO:0003099	fourth ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
ZFA:0000110	fourth ventricle	VHOG:0000006	fourth ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:1341	3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:1959	3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:2635	3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:3462	3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16515	3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16642	3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16900	3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EV:0100308	third ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
MA:0000182	third ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
ZFA:0000161	third ventricle	VHOG:0000007	third ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:5446	meninges	VHOG:0000009	diencephalon meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:5448	primary meninx	VHOG:0000009	diencephalon meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17764	meninges	VHOG:0000009	diencephalon meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000826	diencephalon meninges	VHOG:0000009	diencephalon meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:5464	meninges	VHOG:0000010	telencephalon meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:5466	primary meninx	VHOG:0000010	telencephalon meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17774	meninges	VHOG:0000010	telencephalon meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000979	telencephalon meninges	VHOG:0000010	telencephalon meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:1365	meninges	VHOG:0000011	hindbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:1987	meninges	VHOG:0000011	hindbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:2819	meninges	VHOG:0000011	hindbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:3676	meninges	VHOG:0000011	hindbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:4577	primary meninx	VHOG:0000011	hindbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17783	meninges	VHOG:0000011	hindbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000987	hindbrain meninges	VHOG:0000011	hindbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:1947	meninges	VHOG:0000012	midbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:2671	meninges	VHOG:0000012	midbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:3696	meninges	VHOG:0000012	midbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:5549	primary meninx	VHOG:0000012	midbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17791	meninges	VHOG:0000012	midbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001058	midbrain meninges	VHOG:0000012	midbrain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EV:0100312	meninges	VHOG:0000013	brain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000813	brain meninges	VHOG:0000013	brain meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:1040	vitelline vein	VHOG:0000014	extraembryonic vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern.(...)Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EMAPA:16379	vitelline vein	VHOG:0000014	extraembryonic vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern.(...)Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EHDAA:1034	umbilical vein	VHOG:0000015	extraembryonic umbilical vein	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16375	umbilical vein	VHOG:0000015	extraembryonic umbilical vein	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EV:0100392	umbilical vein	VHOG:0000015	extraembryonic umbilical vein	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
MA:0002249	umbilical vein	VHOG:0000015	extraembryonic umbilical vein	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:6797	nasal septum	VHOG:0000017	nasal septum	well established	"Whatever the common ancestor of the lamprey and gnathostomes may have looked like, it most likely possessed a neural-crest-derived premandibular ectomesenchyme closely associated with the NHP. Invention of the jaw subsequently required a space for the nasal septum and maxillary process to develop, which might have been provided by subdivision of the NHP into the nasal placode and the hypophysis (diplorhiny, the state of bilaterally separated nasal openings, would also have been a prerequisite for this)." [DOI:10.1098/rstb.2001.0976 "Kuratani S, Nobusada Y, Horigome N, Shigetani Y, Embryology of the lamprey and evolution of the vertebrate jaw: insights from molecular and developmental perspectives. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London (2001)"]
EMAPA:17608	nasal septum	VHOG:0000017	nasal septum	well established	"Whatever the common ancestor of the lamprey and gnathostomes may have looked like, it most likely possessed a neural-crest-derived premandibular ectomesenchyme closely associated with the NHP. Invention of the jaw subsequently required a space for the nasal septum and maxillary process to develop, which might have been provided by subdivision of the NHP into the nasal placode and the hypophysis (diplorhiny, the state of bilaterally separated nasal openings, would also have been a prerequisite for this)." [DOI:10.1098/rstb.2001.0976 "Kuratani S, Nobusada Y, Horigome N, Shigetani Y, Embryology of the lamprey and evolution of the vertebrate jaw: insights from molecular and developmental perspectives. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London (2001)"]
MA:0000285	nasal septum	VHOG:0000017	nasal septum	well established	"Whatever the common ancestor of the lamprey and gnathostomes may have looked like, it most likely possessed a neural-crest-derived premandibular ectomesenchyme closely associated with the NHP. Invention of the jaw subsequently required a space for the nasal septum and maxillary process to develop, which might have been provided by subdivision of the NHP into the nasal placode and the hypophysis (diplorhiny, the state of bilaterally separated nasal openings, would also have been a prerequisite for this)." [DOI:10.1098/rstb.2001.0976 "Kuratani S, Nobusada Y, Horigome N, Shigetani Y, Embryology of the lamprey and evolution of the vertebrate jaw: insights from molecular and developmental perspectives. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London (2001)"]
EHDAA:5909	urorectal septum	VHOG:0000018	urorectal septum	well established	"In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.388-89 and Figure 300"]
EMAPA:17048	incomplete urorectal septum	VHOG:0000018	urorectal septum	well established	"In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.388-89 and Figure 300"]
EMAPA:17212	urorectal septum	VHOG:0000018	urorectal septum	well established	"In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.388-89 and Figure 300"]
EMAPA:17380	urorectal septum	VHOG:0000018	urorectal septum	well established	"In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.388-89 and Figure 300"]
EHDAA:736	septum transversum	VHOG:0000019	septum transversum	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:16318	septum transversum	VHOG:0000019	septum transversum	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EHDAA:1888	septum primum	VHOG:0000020	septum primum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:17013	septum primum	VHOG:0000020	septum primum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:3394	septum secundum	VHOG:0000021	septum secundum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:17864	septum secundum	VHOG:0000021	septum secundum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:1352	lateral wall	VHOG:0000022	prosencephalon lateral wall	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16520	lateral wall	VHOG:0000022	prosencephalon lateral wall	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1975	lateral wall	VHOG:0000023	telencephalon lateral wall	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2653	lateral wall	VHOG:0000023	telencephalon lateral wall	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3492	lateral wall	VHOG:0000023	telencephalon lateral wall	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16656	lateral wall	VHOG:0000023	telencephalon lateral wall	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000785	lateral wall telencephalic region	VHOG:0000023	telencephalon lateral wall	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2689	cerebellum primordium	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:3514	cerebellum primordium	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:5494	cerebellum primordium	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:6608	cerebellum primordium	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:7584	cerebellum primordium	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:17074	cerebellum primordium	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:17787	cerebellum	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EV:0100293	cerebellum	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
MA:0000198	cerebellum	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
XAO:0003098	cerebellum	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0000100	cerebellum	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0001440	rhombic lip	VHOG:0000024	cerebellum	well established	"However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB  (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EV:0100173	olfactory bulb	VHOG:0000033	olfactory bulb	well established	"The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505 "Northcutt RG, Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1981)"]
MA:0000194	olfactory bulb	VHOG:0000033	olfactory bulb	well established	"The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505 "Northcutt RG, Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1981)"]
ZFA:0000402	olfactory bulb	VHOG:0000033	olfactory bulb	well established	"The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505 "Northcutt RG, Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1981)"]
EHDAA:1017	pronephros	VHOG:0000037	pronephros	well established	"In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.637"]
EMAPA:16579	pronephros	VHOG:0000037	pronephros	well established	"In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.637"]
XAO:0002000	pronephric kidney	VHOG:0000037	pronephros	well established	"In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.637"]
ZFA:0000151	pronephros	VHOG:0000037	pronephros	well established	"In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.637"]
EHDAA:1581	mesonephros	VHOG:0000038	mesonephros	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EHDAA:5891	mesonephros	VHOG:0000038	mesonephros	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EHDAA:9322	degenerating mesonephros	VHOG:0000038	mesonephros	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EMAPA:16744	mesonephros	VHOG:0000038	mesonephros	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EMAPA:17369	mesonephros	VHOG:0000038	mesonephros	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EMAPA:17946	degenerating mesonephros	VHOG:0000038	mesonephros	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
XAO:0000141	mesonephric kidney	VHOG:0000038	mesonephros	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
ZFA:0000529	kidney	VHOG:0000038	mesonephros	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EHDAA:3077	metanephros	VHOG:0000039	metanephros	well established	"The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EHDAA:5899	metanephros	VHOG:0000039	metanephros	well established	"The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EMAPA:17207	metanephros	VHOG:0000039	metanephros	well established	"The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EMAPA:17373	metanephros	VHOG:0000039	metanephros	well established	"The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EV:0100096	kidney	VHOG:0000039	metanephros	well established	"The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
MA:0000368	kidney	VHOG:0000039	metanephros	well established	"The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EV:0100093	exocrine pancreas	VHOG:0000048	exocrine pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
MA:0002415	exocrine pancreas	VHOG:0000048	exocrine pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
XAO:0000137	exocrine pancreas	VHOG:0000048	exocrine pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
ZFA:0001249	exocrine pancreas	VHOG:0000048	exocrine pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
EV:0100129	endocrine pancreas	VHOG:0000049	endocrine pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
MA:0001582	endocrine pancreas	VHOG:0000049	endocrine pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
ZFA:0001260	endocrine pancreas	VHOG:0000049	endocrine pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
EHDAA:2151	pancreas primordium	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
EHDAA:6881	pancreas	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:17066	pancreas primordium	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:17503	pancreas	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:18816	pancreas	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
EV:0100092	pancreas	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
MA:0000120	pancreas	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
XAO:0000136	pancreas	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
ZFA:0000140	pancreas	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
ZFA:0000254	pancreas primordium	VHOG:0000050	pancreas	well established	"In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007)"]
EHDAA:7511	pineal gland	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
EHDAA:9931	epiphysis	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
EMAPA:18544	pineal primordium	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
EMAPA:18778	pineal gland	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
EV:0100131	pineal gland	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
EV:0100221	pineal body	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
MA:0000175	pineal gland	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
XAO:0000160	pineal gland	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
XAO:0001012	Stirnorgan	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
ZFA:0000019	epiphysis	VHOG:0000051	pineal gland	well established	"The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516"]
EHDAA:3818	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
EHDAA:3925	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
EMAPA:17178	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
EMAPA:17193	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
EMAPA:18661	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
EMAPA:18852	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
EV:0100073	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
MA:0000338	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
XAO:0000236	duodenum	VHOG:0000052	duodenum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-3 p.562"]
EMAPA:18666	jejunum	VHOG:0000053	jejunum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-4 p.562"]
EMAPA:18932	jejunum	VHOG:0000053	jejunum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-4 p.562"]
EV:0100074	jejunum	VHOG:0000053	jejunum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-4 p.562"]
MA:0000340	jejunum	VHOG:0000053	jejunum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.567 and Figure 17-4 p.562"]
EMAPA:19252	large intestine	VHOG:0000054	large intestine	well established	"Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566"]
EV:0100077	large intestine	VHOG:0000054	large intestine	well established	"Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566"]
MA:0000333	large intestine	VHOG:0000054	large intestine	well established	"Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566"]
XAO:0000131	large intestine	VHOG:0000054	large intestine	well established	"Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566"]
EV:0100072	small intestine	VHOG:0000055	small intestine	well established	"Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566"]
MA:0000337	small intestine	VHOG:0000055	small intestine	well established	"Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566"]
XAO:0000130	small intestine	VHOG:0000055	small intestine	well established	"Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566"]
EV:0100071	intestine	VHOG:0000056	intestine	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
MA:0000328	intestine	VHOG:0000056	intestine	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
XAO:0000129	intestine	VHOG:0000056	intestine	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
ZFA:0001338	intestine	VHOG:0000056	intestine	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
XAO:0000048	neural crest	VHOG:0000057	neural crest	well established	"We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x "Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012)"]
ZFA:0000045	neural crest	VHOG:0000057	neural crest	well established	"We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x "Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012)"]
XAO:0000319	trunk neural crest	VHOG:0000062	trunk neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0001024	trunk neural crest	VHOG:0000062	trunk neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16091	neural crest	VHOG:0000063	cranial neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
XAO:0001001	cranial neural crest	VHOG:0000063	cranial neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0001194	cranial neural crest	VHOG:0000063	cranial neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
XAO:0000249	neural plate	VHOG:0000068	neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0000063	presumptive neural plate	VHOG:0000068	neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0000132	neural plate	VHOG:0000068	neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:1941	mesencephalon	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2661	mesencephalon	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:302	future mesencephalon	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3682	midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:832	future mesencephalon	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16140	future midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16472	future midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16974	midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EV:0100242	midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
MA:0000207	midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
XAO:0000014	midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000128	midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000148	presumptive midbrain	VHOG:0000069	midbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1983	rhombencephalon	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2679	rhombencephalon	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:316	future rhombencephalon	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3502	hindbrain	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:854	future rhombencephalon	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16148	future rhombencephalon	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16478	future rhombencephalon	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16916	hindbrain	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
MA:0000195	hindbrain	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
XAO:0000015	hindbrain	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000029	hindbrain	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000569	presumptive hindbrain	VHOG:0000070	hindbrain	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:920	cranial	VHOG:0000076	cranial ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-457 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:16659	cranial	VHOG:0000076	cranial ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-457 and Figure 13-18"]
MA:0000214	cranial ganglion	VHOG:0000076	cranial ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-457 and Figure 13-18"]
XAO:0000027	cranial ganglion	VHOG:0000076	cranial ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-457 and Figure 13-18"]
ZFA:0000013	cranial ganglion	VHOG:0000076	cranial ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-457 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:17528	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18053	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18058	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18061	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18064	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18069	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18074	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18079	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18084	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18089	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18092	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18095	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18098	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18101	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18105	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18110	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18115	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18120	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18125	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18130	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18133	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18136	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18139	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18142	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18147	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18150	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18153	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18158	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18161	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18202	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18406	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18413	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18488	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EMAPA:18506	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
EV:0100153	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
MA:0000153	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
XAO:0000028	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
ZFA:0000105	epidermis	VHOG:0000077	epidermis	well established	" (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72"]
XAO:0000056	hypochord	VHOG:0000081	hypochord	uncertain	"In other words, we identified variations in gene expression patterns that may contribute to a molecular basis of evolutionary variation of axial structures between Teleostei and Mammalia in the determination of body axis. As already mentioned, one such difference is illustrated by the hypochord present in lower vertebrates but absent in higher animals. Perhaps, Tbx-b and Tbx-c are involved in the mechanisms underlying the formation of this organ that were lost during later evolution leading to the disappearance of the hypochord itself, similarly to other organs, such as the lateral line." [PMID:11548409 "Korzh VP, T-box genes and developmental decisions that cells make. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology (2001)"]
ZFA:0000031	hypochord	VHOG:0000081	hypochord	uncertain	"In other words, we identified variations in gene expression patterns that may contribute to a molecular basis of evolutionary variation of axial structures between Teleostei and Mammalia in the determination of body axis. As already mentioned, one such difference is illustrated by the hypochord present in lower vertebrates but absent in higher animals. Perhaps, Tbx-b and Tbx-c are involved in the mechanisms underlying the formation of this organ that were lost during later evolution leading to the disappearance of the hypochord itself, similarly to other organs, such as the lateral line." [PMID:11548409 "Korzh VP, T-box genes and developmental decisions that cells make. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology (2001)"]
ZFA:0001217	presumptive hypochord	VHOG:0000081	hypochord	uncertain	"In other words, we identified variations in gene expression patterns that may contribute to a molecular basis of evolutionary variation of axial structures between Teleostei and Mammalia in the determination of body axis. As already mentioned, one such difference is illustrated by the hypochord present in lower vertebrates but absent in higher animals. Perhaps, Tbx-b and Tbx-c are involved in the mechanisms underlying the formation of this organ that were lost during later evolution leading to the disappearance of the hypochord itself, similarly to other organs, such as the lateral line." [PMID:11548409 "Korzh VP, T-box genes and developmental decisions that cells make. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology (2001)"]
EHDAA:1590	nephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
EHDAA:8108	nephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
EHDAA:8128	nephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
EMAPA:16369	presumptive nephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
EMAPA:16577	nephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
EMAPA:17377	nephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
EMAPA:17970	mesonephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
XAO:0000063	pronephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
XAO:0000242	mesonephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
ZFA:0000150	pronephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
ZFA:0000546	mesonephric duct	VHOG:0000082	archinephric duct	well established	" (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686"]
EHDAA:430	myocardium	VHOG:0000083	heart myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16211	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000083	heart myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EV:0100022	myocardium	VHOG:0000083	heart myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000080	myocardium layer	VHOG:0000083	heart myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
XAO:0000065	myocardium	VHOG:0000083	heart myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0001319	myocardium	VHOG:0000083	heart myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:17868	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0000084	heart endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EV:0100021	endocardium	VHOG:0000084	heart endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000076	heart endocardium	VHOG:0000084	heart endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
XAO:0000066	endocardium	VHOG:0000084	heart endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0001320	endocardium	VHOG:0000084	heart endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:170	blood island	VHOG:0000085	blood island	well established	"Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006)"]
EHDAA:207	blood island	VHOG:0000085	blood island	well established	"Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006)"]
EMAPA:16115	blood island	VHOG:0000085	blood island	well established	"Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006)"]
EMAPA:16268	blood island	VHOG:0000085	blood island	well established	"Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006)"]
EHDAA:181	prechordal plate	VHOG:0000086	prechordal plate	well established	"There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
XAO:0000079	prechordal plate	VHOG:0000086	prechordal plate	well established	"There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
ZFA:0000060	prechordal plate	VHOG:0000086	prechordal plate	well established	"There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
XAO:0000085	intermediate mesoderm	VHOG:0000087	intermediate mesoderm	well established	"(...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm, ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.43"]
ZFA:0001206	intermediate mesoderm	VHOG:0000087	intermediate mesoderm	well established	"(...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm, ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.43"]
XAO:0000086	ciliary marginal zone	VHOG:0000088	ciliary marginal zone	well established	"The retina of all vertebrates develops via similar mechanisms. Toward the end of retinal histogenesis, proliferating progenitors and newly generated cells are confined to peripheral regions of the retina. In fish and amphibians, this region is maintained after embryonic development and becomes the CMZ (ciliary margin zone). A CMZ exists in birds but compared to that of fish and amphibians this region produces much less new retina as the globe of the eye expands postnatally. At least some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the addition of new cells in this zone appear to have been conserved from fish to birds." [DOI:10.1159/000057571 "Reh TA, Fischer AJ, Stem cells in the vertebrate retina. Brain Behav Evol (2001)"]
ZFA:0001289	ciliary marginal zone	VHOG:0000088	ciliary marginal zone	well established	"The retina of all vertebrates develops via similar mechanisms. Toward the end of retinal histogenesis, proliferating progenitors and newly generated cells are confined to peripheral regions of the retina. In fish and amphibians, this region is maintained after embryonic development and becomes the CMZ (ciliary margin zone). A CMZ exists in birds but compared to that of fish and amphibians this region produces much less new retina as the globe of the eye expands postnatally. At least some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the addition of new cells in this zone appear to have been conserved from fish to birds." [DOI:10.1159/000057571 "Reh TA, Fischer AJ, Stem cells in the vertebrate retina. Brain Behav Evol (2001)"]
EV:0100128	endocrine system	VHOG:0000098	endocrine system	well established	"Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...)." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 "Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009)"]
MA:0000012	endocrine system	VHOG:0000098	endocrine system	well established	"Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...)." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 "Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009)"]
XAO:0000158	endocrine system	VHOG:0000098	endocrine system	well established	"Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...)." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 "Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009)"]
ZFA:0001158	endocrine system	VHOG:0000098	endocrine system	well established	"Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...)." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 "Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009)"]
EMAPA:19154	iris	VHOG:0000101	iris	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EV:0100345	iris	VHOG:0000101	iris	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
MA:0000273	iris	VHOG:0000101	iris	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000185	iris	VHOG:0000101	iris	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
ZFA:0001238	iris	VHOG:0000101	iris	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EMAPA:19065	ciliary body	VHOG:0000102	ciliary body	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EV:0100346	ciliary body	VHOG:0000102	ciliary body	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
MA:0000264	ciliary body	VHOG:0000102	ciliary body	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000186	ciliary body	VHOG:0000102	ciliary body	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
ZFA:0001203	ciliary zone	VHOG:0000102	ciliary body	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000187	dorsolateral placode region	VHOG:0000103	dorsolateral placode	well established	"In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001310	dorsolateral placode	VHOG:0000103	dorsolateral placode	well established	"In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
XAO:0000205	axial mesoderm	VHOG:0000107	axial mesoderm	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.134 and Figure 4-11"]
ZFA:0001204	axial mesoderm	VHOG:0000107	axial mesoderm	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.134 and Figure 4-11"]
EHDAA:6524	future dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:17527	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18052	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18057	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18060	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18063	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18068	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18073	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18078	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18083	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18088	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18091	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18094	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18097	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18100	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18104	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18109	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18114	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18119	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18124	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18129	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18132	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18135	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18138	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18141	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18146	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18149	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18152	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18157	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18160	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18201	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18405	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18412	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18487	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EMAPA:18505	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
EV:0100154	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
MA:0000152	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
XAO:0000217	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
ZFA:0001119	dermis	VHOG:0000108	dermis	well established	"When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1"]
XAO:0000225	trigeminal placode	VHOG:0000109	trigeminal placode	well established	"The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (...). In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000162	trigeminal placode	VHOG:0000109	trigeminal placode	well established	"The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (...). In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1316	posterior	VHOG:0000111	posterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EHDAA:7455	remnant of posterior	VHOG:0000111	posterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EMAPA:16357	posterior	VHOG:0000111	posterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
XAO:0000241	posterior cardinal vein	VHOG:0000111	posterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
ZFA:0000477	posterior cardinal vein	VHOG:0000111	posterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EHDAA:1314	common	VHOG:0000112	common cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EMAPA:16356	common	VHOG:0000112	common cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
XAO:0000373	duct of Cuvier	VHOG:0000112	common cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
ZFA:0000186	common cardinal vein	VHOG:0000112	common cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EHDAA:1312	anterior	VHOG:0000113	anterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EMAPA:16241	anterior cardinal vein	VHOG:0000113	anterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EMAPA:16355	anterior	VHOG:0000113	anterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
XAO:0000383	anterior cardinal vein	VHOG:0000113	anterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
ZFA:0000423	anterior cardinal vein	VHOG:0000113	anterior cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EHDAA:364	paraxial mesenchyme	VHOG:0000114	paraxial mesoderm	well established	"Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 "Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007)"]
EHDAA:387	paraxial mesenchyme	VHOG:0000114	paraxial mesoderm	well established	"Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 "Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007)"]
EMAPA:16171	paraxial mesenchyme	VHOG:0000114	paraxial mesoderm	well established	"Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 "Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007)"]
EMAPA:16183	paraxial mesenchyme	VHOG:0000114	paraxial mesoderm	well established	"Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 "Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007)"]
EMAPA:16751	paraxial mesenchyme	VHOG:0000114	paraxial mesoderm	well established	"Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 "Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007)"]
XAO:0000259	paraxial mesoderm	VHOG:0000114	paraxial mesoderm	well established	"Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 "Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007)"]
ZFA:0000255	paraxial mesoderm	VHOG:0000114	paraxial mesoderm	well established	"Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 "Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007)"]
ZFA:0000591	presumptive paraxial mesoderm	VHOG:0000114	paraxial mesoderm	well established	"Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 "Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007)"]
MA:0001292	pupil	VHOG:0000116	pupil	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000283	pupil	VHOG:0000116	pupil	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
ZFA:0001283	pupil	VHOG:0000116	pupil	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000284	epibranchial placode	VHOG:0000117	epibranchial placode	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A, The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
ZFA:0001294	epibranchial placode	VHOG:0000117	epibranchial placode	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A, The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:379	lateral plate mesenchyme	VHOG:0000118	lateral plate mesoderm	well established	"A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16179	lateral plate mesenchyme	VHOG:0000118	lateral plate mesoderm	well established	"A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
XAO:0000311	lateral plate mesoderm	VHOG:0000118	lateral plate mesoderm	well established	"A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000121	lateral plate mesoderm	VHOG:0000118	lateral plate mesoderm	well established	"A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:19032	visceral	VHOG:0000119	heart epicardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000484	visceral serous pericardium	VHOG:0000119	heart epicardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
XAO:0000316	epicardium	VHOG:0000119	heart epicardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0005057	epicardium	VHOG:0000119	heart epicardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:2991	splenic primordium	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
EMAPA:18535	spleen primordium	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
EMAPA:18659	splenic primordium	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
EMAPA:18767	spleen	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
EV:0100055	spleen	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
MA:0000141	spleen	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
XAO:0000326	left spleen primordium	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
XAO:0000327	right spleen primordium	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
XAO:0000328	spleen	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
ZFA:0000436	spleen	VHOG:0000120	spleen	well established	"With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates." [ISBN:978-0781765190 "Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94"]
XAO:0000338	ventral aorta	VHOG:0000121	ventral aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
ZFA:0000604	ventral aorta	VHOG:0000121	ventral aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:398	branchial arch artery	VHOG:0000122	aortic arch	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:16684	branchial arch artery	VHOG:0000122	aortic arch	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
XAO:0000341	aortic arch	VHOG:0000122	aortic arch	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
ZFA:0005004	aortic arch	VHOG:0000122	aortic arch	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
XAO:0000442	supraorbital lateral line	VHOG:0000128	supraorbital lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
ZFA:0000443	supraorbital lateral line	VHOG:0000128	supraorbital lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
MA:0001591	taste bud	VHOG:0000130	taste bud	well established	"Experients in amphibia have shown that an intrinsic feature of the pharyngeal endoderm is its ability to generate taste buds and this capacity must have been acquired by the endoderm at the origin of the vertebrates." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
XAO:0000445	taste bud	VHOG:0000130	taste bud	well established	"Experients in amphibia have shown that an intrinsic feature of the pharyngeal endoderm is its ability to generate taste buds and this capacity must have been acquired by the endoderm at the origin of the vertebrates." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
ZFA:0001074	taste bud	VHOG:0000130	taste bud	well established	"Experients in amphibia have shown that an intrinsic feature of the pharyngeal endoderm is its ability to generate taste buds and this capacity must have been acquired by the endoderm at the origin of the vertebrates." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
XAO:0000458	occipital lateral line	VHOG:0000131	occipital lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
ZFA:0000400	occipital lateral line	VHOG:0000131	occipital lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
XAO:0000459	infraorbital lateral line	VHOG:0000132	infraorbital lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
ZFA:0000524	infraorbital lateral line	VHOG:0000132	infraorbital lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
XAO:0000463	middle lateral line	VHOG:0000133	middle lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
ZFA:0000344	middle lateral line	VHOG:0000133	middle lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
XAO:0000471	xanthophore	VHOG:0000135	xanthophore	well established	"The role of Pax3 during pigment development has been well studied.(...) Xanthophores are found in both fish and amphibians; therefore parsimony suggests that amniote ancestors possessed xanthophores. It is possible that Pax3-requiring xanthoblasts did not disappear in amniote evolution, but evolved into a 'new' kind of melanoblast; one that required Pax3 function." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.058 "Minchin JEN, Hughes SM, Sequential actions of Pax3 and Pax7 drive xanthophore development in zebrafish neural crest. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
ZFA:0009198	xanthophore	VHOG:0000135	xanthophore	well established	"The role of Pax3 during pigment development has been well studied.(...) Xanthophores are found in both fish and amphibians; therefore parsimony suggests that amniote ancestors possessed xanthophores. It is possible that Pax3-requiring xanthoblasts did not disappear in amniote evolution, but evolved into a 'new'kind of melanoblast; one that required Pax3 function." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.058 "Minchin JEN, Hughes SM, Sequential actions of Pax3 and Pax7 drive xanthophore development in zebrafish neural crest. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
EHDAA:5737	anal pit	VHOG:0000139	proctodeum	debated	The origin of anus is debated and some evolutionary biologists suggest that the anus may have evolved multiple times in many different organisms, proposing that, in some lineages, the anus may have formed through a fusion of the gut with the reproductive organs. [DOI:10.1038/news.2008.1117 "Brumfiel G, Getting to the bottom of evolution: Genetic study investigates the origin of the anus. Nature (2008), comments on DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17350	anal pit	VHOG:0000139	proctodeum	debated	The origin of anus is debated and some evolutionary biologists suggest that the anus may have evolved multiple times in many different organisms, proposing that, in some lineages, the anus may have formed through a fusion of the gut with the reproductive organs. [DOI:10.1038/news.2008.1117 "Brumfiel G, Getting to the bottom of evolution: Genetic study investigates the origin of the anus. Nature (2008), comments on DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
EV:0100082	anus	VHOG:0000139	proctodeum	debated	The origin of anus is debated and some evolutionary biologists suggest that the anus may have evolved multiple times in many different organisms, proposing that, in some lineages, the anus may have formed through a fusion of the gut with the reproductive organs. [DOI:10.1038/news.2008.1117 "Brumfiel G, Getting to the bottom of evolution: Genetic study investigates the origin of the anus. Nature (2008), comments on DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
MA:0000331	anus	VHOG:0000139	proctodeum	debated	The origin of anus is debated and some evolutionary biologists suggest that the anus may have evolved multiple times in many different organisms, proposing that, in some lineages, the anus may have formed through a fusion of the gut with the reproductive organs. [DOI:10.1038/news.2008.1117 "Brumfiel G, Getting to the bottom of evolution: Genetic study investigates the origin of the anus. Nature (2008), comments on DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
XAO:0001019	proctodeum	VHOG:0000139	proctodeum	debated	The origin of anus is debated and some evolutionary biologists suggest that the anus may have evolved multiple times in many different organisms, proposing that, in some lineages, the anus may have formed through a fusion of the gut with the reproductive organs. [DOI:10.1038/news.2008.1117 "Brumfiel G, Getting to the bottom of evolution: Genetic study investigates the origin of the anus. Nature (2008), comments on DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
ZFA:0000066	proctodeum	VHOG:0000139	proctodeum	debated	The origin of anus is debated and some evolutionary biologists suggest that the anus may have evolved multiple times in many different organisms, proposing that, in some lineages, the anus may have formed through a fusion of the gut with the reproductive organs. [DOI:10.1038/news.2008.1117 "Brumfiel G, Getting to the bottom of evolution: Genetic study investigates the origin of the anus. Nature (2008), comments on DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:7514	adenohypophysis primordium	VHOG:0000141	adenohypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17514	adenohypophysis	VHOG:0000141	adenohypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000177	adenohypophysis	VHOG:0000141	adenohypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
ZFA:0001282	adenohypophysis	VHOG:0000141	adenohypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7524	neurohypophysis	VHOG:0000142	neurohypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17519	neurohypophysis	VHOG:0000142	neurohypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000178	neurohypophysis	VHOG:0000142	neurohypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
ZFA:0001271	neurohypophysis	VHOG:0000142	neurohypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:2171	pituitary	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
EHDAA:4465	pituitary	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
EHDAA:997	pituitary	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
EMAPA:16573	pituitary	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
EMAPA:16647	pituitary	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
EMAPA:16724	pituitary	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
EMAPA:16898	pituitary	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
EV:0100132	pituitary gland	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
MA:0000176	pituitary gland	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
XAO:0000017	hypophysis	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
ZFA:0000118	hypophysis	VHOG:0000143	hypophysis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates."  [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510"]
EHDAA:3324	6th arch artery	VHOG:0000144	aortic arch 6	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EMAPA:17005	6th arch artery	VHOG:0000144	aortic arch 6	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
XAO:0000353	aortic arch 6	VHOG:0000144	aortic arch 6	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
ZFA:0005016	aortic arch 6	VHOG:0000144	aortic arch 6	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
XAO:0000352	aortic arch 5	VHOG:0000145	aortic arch 5	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
ZFA:0005009	aortic arch 5	VHOG:0000145	aortic arch 5	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EHDAA:2533	4th arch artery	VHOG:0000146	aortic arch 4	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EMAPA:17004	4th arch artery	VHOG:0000146	aortic arch 4	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
XAO:0000355	aortic arch 4	VHOG:0000146	aortic arch 4	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
ZFA:0005008	aortic arch 4	VHOG:0000146	aortic arch 4	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EHDAA:2531	3rd arch artery	VHOG:0000147	aortic arch 3	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EMAPA:16687	3rd arch artery	VHOG:0000147	aortic arch 3	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
XAO:0000344	aortic arch 3	VHOG:0000147	aortic arch 3	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
ZFA:0005007	aortic arch 3	VHOG:0000147	aortic arch 3	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EHDAA:748	2nd arch artery	VHOG:0000148	aortic arch 2	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EMAPA:16203	2nd arch artery	VHOG:0000148	aortic arch 2	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EMAPA:16686	2nd arch artery	VHOG:0000148	aortic arch 2	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
XAO:0000343	aortic arch 2	VHOG:0000148	aortic arch 2	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
ZFA:0005006	aortic arch 2	VHOG:0000148	aortic arch 2	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EHDAA:400	1st arch artery	VHOG:0000149	aortic arch 1	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EMAPA:16202	1st arch artery	VHOG:0000149	aortic arch 1	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EMAPA:16685	1st arch artery	VHOG:0000149	aortic arch 1	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
XAO:0000342	aortic arch 1	VHOG:0000149	aortic arch 1	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
ZFA:0005005	aortic arch 1	VHOG:0000149	aortic arch 1	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460-461 and Figure 12.19"]
EHDAA:255	neural ectoderm	VHOG:0000150	neuroectoderm	well established	"(...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16073	neural ectoderm	VHOG:0000150	neuroectoderm	well established	"(...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EV:0100004	neuroectoderm	VHOG:0000150	neuroectoderm	well established	"(...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
XAO:0000042	neuroectoderm	VHOG:0000150	neuroectoderm	well established	"(...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
ZFA:0001120	neuroectoderm	VHOG:0000150	neuroectoderm	well established	"(...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:183	mesoderm	VHOG:0000152	embryonic mesoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EMAPA:16071	mesoderm	VHOG:0000152	embryonic mesoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EV:0100006	mesoderm	VHOG:0000152	embryonic mesoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
XAO:0000050	mesoderm	VHOG:0000152	embryonic mesoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
ZFA:0000041	mesoderm	VHOG:0000152	embryonic mesoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
ZFA:0001377	presumptive mesoderm	VHOG:0000152	embryonic mesoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EHDAA:132	ectoderm	VHOG:0000153	embryonic ectoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EMAPA:16069	ectoderm	VHOG:0000153	embryonic ectoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EV:0100003	ectoderm	VHOG:0000153	embryonic ectoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
XAO:0000001	ectoderm	VHOG:0000153	embryonic ectoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
ZFA:0000016	ectoderm	VHOG:0000153	embryonic ectoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
ZFA:0001376	presumptive ectoderm	VHOG:0000153	embryonic ectoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EHDAA:94	endoderm	VHOG:0000154	embryonic endoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EMAPA:16062	endoderm	VHOG:0000154	embryonic endoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EV:0100005	endoderm	VHOG:0000154	embryonic endoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
XAO:0000090	endoderm	VHOG:0000154	embryonic endoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
ZFA:0000017	endoderm	VHOG:0000154	embryonic endoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
ZFA:0000416	presumptive endoderm	VHOG:0000154	embryonic endoderm	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
EHDAA:571	branchial arch	VHOG:0000155	pharyngeal arch	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EMAPA:16117	branchial arch	VHOG:0000155	pharyngeal arch	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000096	pharyngeal arch	VHOG:0000155	pharyngeal arch	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001306	pharyngeal arch	VHOG:0000155	pharyngeal arch	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:2885	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:3759	primordial ganglia	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:4650	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:5609	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:918	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:16658	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:16667	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:17157	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:18221	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:18371	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EV:0100372	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
MA:0002406	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
XAO:0000209	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0000190	ganglion	VHOG:0000156	ganglion	well established	"Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 "Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:2629	brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EHDAA:300	future brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EHDAA:830	future brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EMAPA:16089	future brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EMAPA:16471	future brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EMAPA:16894	brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EV:0100164	brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
MA:0000168	brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
XAO:0000010	brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
ZFA:0000008	brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
ZFA:0000146	presumptive brain	VHOG:0000157	brain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EHDAA:10187	cornea	VHOG:0000164	cornea	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EHDAA:4741	primitive cornea	VHOG:0000164	cornea	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EMAPA:17161	cornea	VHOG:0000164	cornea	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EV:0100341	cornea	VHOG:0000164	cornea	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
MA:0000266	cornea	VHOG:0000164	cornea	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
XAO:0000180	cornea	VHOG:0000164	cornea	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
ZFA:0000640	cornea	VHOG:0000164	cornea	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EHDAA:1496	optic vesicle	VHOG:0000165	optic vesicle	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:16540	optic vesicle	VHOG:0000165	optic vesicle	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
XAO:0000228	optic vesicle	VHOG:0000165	optic vesicle	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000050	optic vesicle	VHOG:0000165	optic vesicle	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:2896	lens placode	VHOG:0000166	lens placode	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:16672	lens placode	VHOG:0000166	lens placode	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
XAO:0000240	lens placode	VHOG:0000166	lens placode	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000122	lens placode	VHOG:0000166	lens placode	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:2900	optic cup	VHOG:0000167	optic cup	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:16674	optic cup	VHOG:0000167	optic cup	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0001202	optic cup	VHOG:0000167	optic cup	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:9045	lens	VHOG:0000169	lens	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EMAPA:17838	lens	VHOG:0000169	lens	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EV:0100343	lens	VHOG:0000169	lens	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
MA:0000275	lens	VHOG:0000169	lens	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000008	lens	VHOG:0000169	lens	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
ZFA:0000035	lens	VHOG:0000169	lens	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EHDAA:177	mesenchyme	VHOG:0000170	mesenchyme	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.122-123 and Figure 4-5"]
EMAPA:16097	mesenchyme	VHOG:0000170	mesenchyme	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.122-123 and Figure 4-5"]
EV:0100007	mesenchyma	VHOG:0000170	mesenchyme	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.122-123 and Figure 4-5"]
XAO:0003046	mesenchyme	VHOG:0000170	mesenchyme	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.122-123 and Figure 4-5"]
ZFA:0000393	mesenchyme	VHOG:0000170	mesenchyme	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.122-123 and Figure 4-5"]
EHDAA:1265	atrium	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EHDAA:1267	common atrial chamber	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EHDAA:456	common atrial chamber	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EHDAA:786	common atrial chamber	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EMAPA:16225	common atrial chamber	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EMAPA:16342	common atrial chamber	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EMAPA:16688	atrium	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EMAPA:16689	common atrial chamber	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EV:0100019	heart atrium	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
MA:0000073	heart atrium	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
ZFA:0000471	atrium	VHOG:0000175	heart atrium	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EHDAA:480	sinus venosus	VHOG:0000177	sinus venosus	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EMAPA:16237	sinus venosus	VHOG:0000177	sinus venosus	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
ZFA:0000154	sinus venosus	VHOG:0000177	sinus venosus	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EHDAA:5421	epithalamus	VHOG:0000178	epithalamus	well established	"The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (...) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x "Concha ML and Wilson SW, Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:17532	epithalamus	VHOG:0000178	epithalamus	well established	"The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (...) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x "Concha ML and Wilson SW, Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates. J Anat (2001)"]
EV:0100220	epithalamus	VHOG:0000178	epithalamus	well established	"The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (...) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x "Concha ML and Wilson SW, Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates. J Anat (2001)"]
MA:0000172	epithalamus	VHOG:0000178	epithalamus	well established	"The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (...) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x "Concha ML and Wilson SW, Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates. J Anat (2001)"]
ZFA:0000509	epithalamus	VHOG:0000178	epithalamus	well established	"The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (...) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x "Concha ML and Wilson SW, Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:5434	hypothalamus	VHOG:0000179	hypothalamus	well established	"For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek's pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:17536	hypothalamus	VHOG:0000179	hypothalamus	well established	"For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek's pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EV:0100225	hypothalamus	VHOG:0000179	hypothalamus	well established	"For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek's pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
MA:0000173	hypothalamus	VHOG:0000179	hypothalamus	well established	"For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek's pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0000032	hypothalamus	VHOG:0000179	hypothalamus	well established	"For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek's pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:7576	medulla oblongata	VHOG:0000181	medulla oblongata	well established	"Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 "Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
EMAPA:17550	medulla oblongata	VHOG:0000181	medulla oblongata	well established	"Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 "Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
EV:0100275	medulla oblongata	VHOG:0000181	medulla oblongata	well established	"Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 "Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
MA:0000206	medulla oblongata	VHOG:0000181	medulla oblongata	well established	"Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 "Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
XAO:0003100	medulla oblongata	VHOG:0000181	medulla oblongata	well established	"Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 "Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
ZFA:0000545	medulla oblongata	VHOG:0000181	medulla oblongata	well established	"Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 "Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
EHDAA:5911	reproductive system	VHOG:0000182	reproductive system	well established	"Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria." [PMID:21672850 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)"]
EMAPA:17381	reproductive system	VHOG:0000182	reproductive system	well established	"Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria." [PMID:21672850 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)"]
EV:0100100	reproductive system	VHOG:0000182	reproductive system	well established	"Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria." [PMID:21672850 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)"]
MA:0000326	reproductive system	VHOG:0000182	reproductive system	well established	"Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria." [PMID:21672850 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)"]
XAO:0000142	genital system	VHOG:0000182	reproductive system	well established	"Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria." [PMID:21672850 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)"]
ZFA:0000632	reproductive system	VHOG:0000182	reproductive system	well established	"Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria." [PMID:21672850 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)"]
EHDAA:1504	olfactory placode	VHOG:0000186	olfactory placode	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16543	olfactory placode	VHOG:0000186	olfactory placode	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
XAO:0000005	olfactory placode	VHOG:0000186	olfactory placode	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000048	olfactory placode	VHOG:0000186	olfactory placode	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:6958	oral cavity	VHOG:0000188	oral cavity	well established	"Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32"]
EMAPA:17411	oral cavity	VHOG:0000188	oral cavity	well established	"Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32"]
EV:0100057	oral cavity	VHOG:0000188	oral cavity	well established	"Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32"]
XAO:0000126	oral cavity	VHOG:0000188	oral cavity	well established	"Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32"]
ZFA:0001027	oral cavity	VHOG:0000188	oral cavity	well established	"Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32"]
EHDAA:10215	optic chiasm	VHOG:0000190	optic chiasm	uncertain	"The chiasm has been studied in great detail in some animals, while in others relatively little or nothing is known. Although there are some gross architectural features that are conserved within some animals, such as birds and fish, the general picture is one of diversity. This review will attempt to consider the key features of such diversity of chiasmatic organisation in vertebrates and the mechanisms that sculpt them from the limited literature that is available. However, as so much research has been undertaken on the structure and development of the chiasm in laboratory animals, any review must consider the information that has been gleaned from them and hope that future studies will determine whether the features revealed in these animals, and the underlying mechanisms that generate them, have a common vertebrate plan." [DOI:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.04.005 "Jeffery G, Erskine L, Variations in the architecture and development of the vertebrate optic chiasm. Progress in retinal and eye research (2005)"]
EMAPA:17603	optic chiasma	VHOG:0000190	optic chiasm	uncertain	"The chiasm has been studied in great detail in some animals, while in others relatively little or nothing is known. Although there are some gross architectural features that are conserved within some animals, such as birds and fish, the general picture is one of diversity. This review will attempt to consider the key features of such diversity of chiasmatic organisation in vertebrates and the mechanisms that sculpt them from the limited literature that is available. However, as so much research has been undertaken on the structure and development of the chiasm in laboratory animals, any review must consider the information that has been gleaned from them and hope that future studies will determine whether the features revealed in these animals, and the underlying mechanisms that generate them, have a common vertebrate plan." [DOI:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.04.005 "Jeffery G, Erskine L, Variations in the architecture and development of the vertebrate optic chiasm. Progress in retinal and eye research (2005)"]
MA:0001098	optic chiasm	VHOG:0000190	optic chiasm	uncertain	"The chiasm has been studied in great detail in some animals, while in others relatively little or nothing is known. Although there are some gross architectural features that are conserved within some animals, such as birds and fish, the general picture is one of diversity. This review will attempt to consider the key features of such diversity of chiasmatic organisation in vertebrates and the mechanisms that sculpt them from the limited literature that is available. However, as so much research has been undertaken on the structure and development of the chiasm in laboratory animals, any review must consider the information that has been gleaned from them and hope that future studies will determine whether the features revealed in these animals, and the underlying mechanisms that generate them, have a common vertebrate plan." [DOI:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.04.005 "Jeffery G, Erskine L, Variations in the architecture and development of the vertebrate optic chiasm. Progress in retinal and eye research (2005)"]
ZFA:0000556	optic chiasm	VHOG:0000190	optic chiasm	uncertain	"The chiasm has been studied in great detail in some animals, while in others relatively little or nothing is known. Although there are some gross architectural features that are conserved within some animals, such as birds and fish, the general picture is one of diversity. This review will attempt to consider the key features of such diversity of chiasmatic organisation in vertebrates and the mechanisms that sculpt them from the limited literature that is available. However, as so much research has been undertaken on the structure and development of the chiasm in laboratory animals, any review must consider the information that has been gleaned from them and hope that future studies will determine whether the features revealed in these animals, and the underlying mechanisms that generate them, have a common vertebrate plan." [DOI:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.04.005 "Jeffery G, Erskine L, Variations in the architecture and development of the vertebrate optic chiasm. Progress in retinal and eye research (2005)"]
EHDAA:366	somite	VHOG:0000191	somite	well established	" (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40", DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 "Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003)"]
EHDAA:699	somite	VHOG:0000191	somite	well established	" (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40", DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 "Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003)"]
EMAPA:16172	somite	VHOG:0000191	somite	well established	" (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40", DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 "Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003)"]
EMAPA:16184	somite	VHOG:0000191	somite	well established	" (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40", DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 "Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003)"]
EMAPA:16860	somite	VHOG:0000191	somite	well established	" (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40", DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 "Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003)"]
XAO:0000058	somite	VHOG:0000191	somite	well established	" (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40", DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 "Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003)"]
ZFA:0000155	somite	VHOG:0000191	somite	well established	" (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40", DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 "Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003)"]
EHDAA:1241	notochord	VHOG:0000199	notochord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:6009	notochord	VHOG:0000199	notochord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16191	notochord	VHOG:0000199	notochord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EV:0100002	notochord	VHOG:0000199	notochord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
XAO:0000055	notochord	VHOG:0000199	notochord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0000135	notochord	VHOG:0000199	notochord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:150	chorion	VHOG:0000200	chorion	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EMAPA:16112	chorion	VHOG:0000200	chorion	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EV:0100121	chorioamniotic membrane	VHOG:0000200	chorion	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EHDAA:1595	tail bud	VHOG:0000201	tail bud	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16580	tail bud	VHOG:0000201	tail bud	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
XAO:0000107	tail bud	VHOG:0000201	tail bud	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0000077	tail bud	VHOG:0000201	tail bud	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:1003	future respiratory system	VHOG:0000202	respiratory system	well established	"There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23"]
EHDAA:2191	respiratory system	VHOG:0000202	respiratory system	well established	"There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23"]
EMAPA:16727	respiratory system	VHOG:0000202	respiratory system	well established	"There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23"]
EV:0100036	respiratory system	VHOG:0000202	respiratory system	well established	"There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23"]
MA:0000327	respiratory system	VHOG:0000202	respiratory system	well established	"There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23"]
XAO:0000117	respiratory system	VHOG:0000202	respiratory system	well established	"There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23"]
ZFA:0000272	respiratory system	VHOG:0000202	respiratory system	well established	"There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23"]
EV:0100091	bile duct	VHOG:0000212	bile duct	well established	" (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct." [DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 "Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000)"]
MA:0000354	bile duct	VHOG:0000212	bile duct	well established	" (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct." [DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 "Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000)"]
XAO:0000134	bile duct	VHOG:0000212	bile duct	well established	" (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct." [DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 "Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000)"]
EHDAA:3033	cystic duct	VHOG:0000213	cystic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526-527 and Figure 13.38"]
EMAPA:16841	cystic duct	VHOG:0000213	cystic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526-527 and Figure 13.38"]
MA:0000355	cystic duct	VHOG:0000213	cystic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526-527 and Figure 13.38"]
EHDAA:3969	common bile duct	VHOG:0000214	common bile duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526-527 and Figure 13.38"]
EMAPA:17201	common bile duct	VHOG:0000214	common bile duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526-527 and Figure 13.38"]
MA:0001631	common bile duct	VHOG:0000214	common bile duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526-527 and Figure 13.38"]
EHDAA:3039	extrahepatic part	VHOG:0000215	extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EMAPA:16844	extrahepatic part	VHOG:0000215	extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
MA:0001636	hepatic duct extrahepatic part	VHOG:0000215	extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EHDAA:3041	intrahepatic part	VHOG:0000216	intrahepatic part of the hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EMAPA:16845	intrahepatic part	VHOG:0000216	intrahepatic part of the hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
MA:0001637	hepatic duct intrahepatic part	VHOG:0000216	intrahepatic part of the hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EHDAA:3980	right hepatic duct	VHOG:0000217	right hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
MA:0001639	right hepatic duct	VHOG:0000217	right hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EHDAA:3978	left hepatic duct	VHOG:0000218	left hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
MA:0001638	left hepatic duct	VHOG:0000218	left hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EHDAA:3037	hepatic duct	VHOG:0000219	hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EMAPA:16843	hepatic duct	VHOG:0000219	hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EMAPA:18672	hepatic ducts	VHOG:0000219	hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
MA:0000357	hepatic duct	VHOG:0000219	hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
ZFA:0001100	hepatic duct	VHOG:0000219	hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EHDAA:3975	future common hepatic duct	VHOG:0000220	common hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EMAPA:19101	common	VHOG:0000220	common hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
MA:0002660	common hepatic duct	VHOG:0000220	common hepatic duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figures 17-9 and 17-10"]
EHDAA:3035	gall bladder primordium	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
EHDAA:8050	gall bladder	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
EMAPA:16713	gall bladder primordium	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
EMAPA:16842	gall bladder primordium	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
EMAPA:17202	gall bladder	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
EV:0100090	gall bladder	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
MA:0000356	gall bladder	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
XAO:0000135	gall bladder	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
ZFA:0000208	gall bladder	VHOG:0000221	gall bladder	well established	"The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part." [DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I "Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997)"]
EHDAA:2887	dorsal root ganglion	VHOG:0000222	dorsal root ganglion	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
EMAPA:16668	dorsal root ganglion	VHOG:0000222	dorsal root ganglion	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
EMAPA:18372	dorsal root ganglion	VHOG:0000222	dorsal root ganglion	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
EV:0100373	spinal ganglion	VHOG:0000222	dorsal root ganglion	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
MA:0000231	spinal ganglion	VHOG:0000222	dorsal root ganglion	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
MA:0000232	dorsal root ganglion	VHOG:0000222	dorsal root ganglion	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
XAO:0000210	spinal ganglion	VHOG:0000222	dorsal root ganglion	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
ZFA:0000200	dorsal root ganglion	VHOG:0000222	dorsal root ganglion	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
EHDAA:3804	optic stalk	VHOG:0000223	optic stalk	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:16678	optic stalk	VHOG:0000223	optic stalk	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
XAO:0000475	optic stalk	VHOG:0000223	optic stalk	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000137	optic stalk	VHOG:0000223	optic stalk	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:418	blood	VHOG:0000224	blood	well established	"Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) "]
EMAPA:16332	blood	VHOG:0000224	blood	well established	"Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) "]
EV:0100047	blood	VHOG:0000224	blood	well established	"Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) "]
MA:0000059	blood	VHOG:0000224	blood	well established	"Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) "]
XAO:0000124	blood	VHOG:0000224	blood	well established	"Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) "]
ZFA:0000007	blood	VHOG:0000224	blood	well established	"Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) "]
ZFA:0000568	presumptive blood	VHOG:0000224	blood	well established	"Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) "]
EHDAA:4328	intersegmental artery	VHOG:0000225	intersegmental artery	well established	"Few changes of evolutionary significance occur in the branching pattern of the dorsal aorta. All vertebrates have (...) paired intersegmental arteries to the trunk, tail, and paired appendages." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.612"]
EMAPA:17616	intersegmental artery	VHOG:0000225	intersegmental artery	well established	"Few changes of evolutionary significance occur in the branching pattern of the dorsal aorta. All vertebrates have (...) paired intersegmental arteries to the trunk, tail, and paired appendages." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.612"]
MA:0001985	intersegmental artery	VHOG:0000225	intersegmental artery	well established	"Few changes of evolutionary significance occur in the branching pattern of the dorsal aorta. All vertebrates have (...) paired intersegmental arteries to the trunk, tail, and paired appendages." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.612"]
ZFA:0001061	intersegmental artery	VHOG:0000225	intersegmental artery	well established	"Few changes of evolutionary significance occur in the branching pattern of the dorsal aorta. All vertebrates have (...) paired intersegmental arteries to the trunk, tail, and paired appendages." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.612"]
EHDAA:4745	retina	VHOG:0000229	retina	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EMAPA:17168	retina	VHOG:0000229	retina	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EV:0100348	retina	VHOG:0000229	retina	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
MA:0000276	retina	VHOG:0000229	retina	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000009	retina	VHOG:0000229	retina	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
ZFA:0000152	retina	VHOG:0000229	retina	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
ZFA:0001071	presumptive neural retina	VHOG:0000229	retina	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EV:0100314	arachnoid	VHOG:0000230	brain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000814	brain arachnoid matter	VHOG:0000230	brain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:7543	future arachnoid layer	VHOG:0000231	diencephalon arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:8771	future arachnoid layer	VHOG:0000231	diencephalon arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17765	arachnoid mater	VHOG:0000231	diencephalon arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000827	diencephalon arachnoid mater	VHOG:0000231	diencephalon arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:7637	future arachnoid layer	VHOG:0000233	midbrain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:8849	future arachnoid layer	VHOG:0000233	midbrain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17792	arachnoid mater	VHOG:0000233	midbrain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001059	midbrain arachnoid mater	VHOG:0000233	midbrain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:7685	future arachnoid layer	VHOG:0000234	spinal cord arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17805	arachnoid mater	VHOG:0000234	spinal cord arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001131	spinal cord arachnoid mater	VHOG:0000234	spinal cord arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:506	otic placode	VHOG:0000235	otic placode	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16195	otic placode	VHOG:0000235	otic placode	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
XAO:0000223	otic placode	VHOG:0000235	otic placode	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000138	otic placode	VHOG:0000235	otic placode	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:7607	future arachnoid layer	VHOG:0000236	hindbrain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:8819	future arachnoid layer	VHOG:0000236	hindbrain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17784	arachnoid mater	VHOG:0000236	hindbrain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000988	hindbrain arachnoid mater	VHOG:0000236	hindbrain arachnoid mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:4318	future basilar artery	VHOG:0000237	basilar artery	well established	"The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1242/dev.058776 "Fujita M, Cha YR, Pham VN, Sakurai A, Roman BL, Gutkind JS, Weinstein BM, Assembly and patterning of the vascular network of the vertebrate hindbrain. Development (2011)"]
EHDAA:5273	basilar artery	VHOG:0000237	basilar artery	well established	"The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1242/dev.058776 "Fujita M, Cha YR, Pham VN, Sakurai A, Roman BL, Gutkind JS, Weinstein BM, Assembly and patterning of the vascular network of the vertebrate hindbrain. Development (2011)"]
EMAPA:17307	basilar artery	VHOG:0000237	basilar artery	well established	"The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1242/dev.058776 "Fujita M, Cha YR, Pham VN, Sakurai A, Roman BL, Gutkind JS, Weinstein BM, Assembly and patterning of the vascular network of the vertebrate hindbrain. Development (2011)"]
MA:0001920	basilar artery	VHOG:0000237	basilar artery	well established	"The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1242/dev.058776 "Fujita M, Cha YR, Pham VN, Sakurai A, Roman BL, Gutkind JS, Weinstein BM, Assembly and patterning of the vascular network of the vertebrate hindbrain. Development (2011)"]
ZFA:0005002	basilar artery	VHOG:0000237	basilar artery	well established	"The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1242/dev.058776 "Fujita M, Cha YR, Pham VN, Sakurai A, Roman BL, Gutkind JS, Weinstein BM, Assembly and patterning of the vascular network of the vertebrate hindbrain. Development (2011)"]
MA:0000251	semicircular duct	VHOG:0000238	semicircular duct	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus (...); Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and p.58"]
ZFA:0000431	semicircular canal	VHOG:0000238	semicircular duct	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus (...); Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and p.58"]
EHDAA:4965	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000239	lobar bronchus of right lung accessory lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:8191	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000239	lobar bronchus of right lung accessory lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:17982	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000239	lobar bronchus of right lung accessory lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:4981	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000240	lobar bronchus of right lung cranial lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:8213	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000240	lobar bronchus of right lung cranial lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:17992	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000240	lobar bronchus of right lung cranial lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:42	epiblast	VHOG:0000243	epiblast	uncertain	"In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 "Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:75	epiblast	VHOG:0000243	epiblast	uncertain	"In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 "Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16050	epiblast	VHOG:0000243	epiblast	uncertain	"In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 "Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009)"]
ZFA:0000018	epiblast	VHOG:0000243	epiblast	uncertain	"In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 "Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6938	future pars anterior	VHOG:0000244	pars anterior	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7520	pars anterior	VHOG:0000244	pars anterior	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17515	pars anterior	VHOG:0000244	pars anterior	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000854	pars anterior	VHOG:0000244	pars anterior	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
ZFA:0001195	pars anterior	VHOG:0000244	pars anterior	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:4467	infundibular recess of 3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000245	infundibulum	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7526	infundibulum	VHOG:0000245	infundibulum	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:16648	infundibular recess of 3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000245	infundibulum	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:16899	infundibular recess of 3rd ventricle	VHOG:0000245	infundibulum	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17520	infundibulum	VHOG:0000245	infundibulum	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000858	infundibulum	VHOG:0000245	infundibulum	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
ZFA:0001199	infundibulum	VHOG:0000245	infundibulum	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7790	superior semicircular canal	VHOG:0000246	anterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
EMAPA:17299	superior semicircular canal	VHOG:0000246	anterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
MA:0001211	anterior semicircular duct	VHOG:0000246	anterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000314	anterior semicircular canal	VHOG:0000246	anterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000469	otic vesicle anterior protrusion	VHOG:0000246	anterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
EHDAA:7778	lateral semicircular canal	VHOG:0000247	lateral semicircular duct	well established	"Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.58"] ; "In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EMAPA:17821	lateral semicircular canal	VHOG:0000247	lateral semicircular duct	well established	"Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution; In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p. 58 and p.413-414"]
MA:0001213	lateral semicircular duct	VHOG:0000247	lateral semicircular duct	well established	"Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.58"] ; "In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000220	lateral semicircular canal	VHOG:0000247	lateral semicircular duct	well established	"Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.58"] ; "In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000232	otic vesicle lateral protrusion	VHOG:0000247	lateral semicircular duct	well established	"Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.58"] ; "In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EHDAA:7784	posterior semicircular canal	VHOG:0000248	posterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
EMAPA:17296	posterior semicircular canal	VHOG:0000248	posterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
MA:0001214	posterior semicircular duct	VHOG:0000248	posterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000262	posterior semicircular canal	VHOG:0000248	posterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000412	otic vesicle posterior protrusion	VHOG:0000248	posterior semicircular duct	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414"]
EHDAA:7985	Meckel's cartilage	VHOG:0000249	Meckel's cartilage	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates, including fish, the first pharyngeal arch generates the jaw apparatus. The neural crest cells of this arch migrate to form Meckel's cartilage, the precursor of the jaw." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.16-17"]
EMAPA:17635	Meckel's cartilage	VHOG:0000249	Meckel's cartilage	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates, including fish, the first pharyngeal arch generates the jaw apparatus. The neural crest cells of this arch migrate to form Meckel's cartilage, the precursor of the jaw." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.16-17"]
EMAPA:17907	Meckel's cartilage	VHOG:0000249	Meckel's cartilage	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates, including fish, the first pharyngeal arch generates the jaw apparatus. The neural crest cells of this arch migrate to form Meckel's cartilage, the precursor of the jaw." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.16-17"]
MA:0001580	meckel's cartilage	VHOG:0000249	Meckel's cartilage	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates, including fish, the first pharyngeal arch generates the jaw apparatus. The neural crest cells of this arch migrate to form Meckel's cartilage, the precursor of the jaw." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.16-17"]
XAO:0003085	Meckel's cartilage	VHOG:0000249	Meckel's cartilage	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates, including fish, the first pharyngeal arch generates the jaw apparatus. The neural crest cells of this arch migrate to form Meckel's cartilage, the precursor of the jaw." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.16-17"]
ZFA:0001205	Meckel's cartilage	VHOG:0000249	Meckel's cartilage	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates, including fish, the first pharyngeal arch generates the jaw apparatus. The neural crest cells of this arch migrate to form Meckel's cartilage, the precursor of the jaw." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.16-17"]
EHDAA:4973	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000250	lobar bronchus of the right lung caudal lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:8201	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000250	lobar bronchus of the right lung caudal lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:17987	lobar bronchus	VHOG:0000250	lobar bronchus of the right lung caudal lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:8112	ovary	VHOG:0000251	ovary	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17962	ovary	VHOG:0000251	ovary	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EV:0100111	ovary	VHOG:0000251	ovary	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
MA:0000384	ovary	VHOG:0000251	ovary	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
XAO:0000258	ovary	VHOG:0000251	ovary	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
ZFA:0000403	ovary	VHOG:0000251	ovary	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8134	testis	VHOG:0000252	testis	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17972	testis	VHOG:0000252	testis	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EV:0100102	testis	VHOG:0000252	testis	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
MA:0000411	testis	VHOG:0000252	testis	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
XAO:0000157	testis	VHOG:0000252	testis	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
ZFA:0000598	testis	VHOG:0000252	testis	uncertain	" (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 "Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007)", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:2957	thymus primordium	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
EHDAA:9107	thymus	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
EMAPA:17523	thymus primordium	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
EMAPA:18536	thymus primordium	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
EMAPA:18768	thymus	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
EV:0100138	thymus	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
MA:0000142	thymus	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
XAO:0000163	thymus	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
ZFA:0001077	thymus primordium	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
ZFA:0001078	thymus	VHOG:0000253	thymus	well established	"A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558"]
MA:0000124	pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000254	pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0001372	pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000254	pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:3001	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:6885	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:9168	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:9176	accessory pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:9188	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:17505	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:17512	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:18818	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:18825	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
MA:0000125	dorsal pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000255	dorsal pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:3895	ventral pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000256	ventral pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:6893	ventral pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000256	ventral pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:9182	pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000256	ventral pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:17510	ventral pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000256	ventral pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:18821	ventral pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000256	ventral pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
MA:0000126	ventral pancreatic duct	VHOG:0000256	ventral pancreatic duct	uncertain	"These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 "Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:1530	hepatic diverticulum	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:2185	liver	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16565	hepatic diverticulum	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16846	liver	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16847	hepatic primordium	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EV:0100089	liver	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
MA:0000358	liver	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
XAO:0000101	liver diverticulum	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
XAO:0000133	liver	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000123	liver	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000124	liver primordium	VHOG:0000257	liver	well established	"All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:7545	future dura mater	VHOG:0000258	diencephalon dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:8773	future dura mater	VHOG:0000258	diencephalon dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17766	dura mater	VHOG:0000258	diencephalon dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000828	diencephalon dura mater	VHOG:0000258	diencephalon dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:689	intermediate mesenchyme	VHOG:0000261	intermediate mesenchyme	inferred	[DOI:10.1093/icb/40.5.718 "Hall BK, Balfour, Garstang and de Beer: The First Century of Evolutionary Embryology. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2000)"]
EMAPA:16178	intermediate mesenchyme	VHOG:0000261	intermediate mesenchyme	inferred	[DOI:10.1093/icb/40.5.718 "Hall BK, Balfour, Garstang and de Beer: The First Century of Evolutionary Embryology. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2000)"]
ZFA:0000990	intermediate mesenchyme	VHOG:0000261	intermediate mesenchyme	inferred	[DOI:10.1093/icb/40.5.718 "Hall BK, Balfour, Garstang and de Beer: The First Century of Evolutionary Embryology. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2000)"]
EV:0100041	bronchus	VHOG:0000262	bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409-411 Figure 11.5"]
MA:0000436	bronchus	VHOG:0000262	bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409-411 Figure 11.5"]
XAO:0000121	bronchus	VHOG:0000262	bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409-411 Figure 11.5"]
EHDAA:402	dorsal aorta	VHOG:0000264	dorsal aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:16204	dorsal aorta	VHOG:0000264	dorsal aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:18606	dorsal aorta	VHOG:0000264	dorsal aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
MA:0000476	dorsal aorta	VHOG:0000264	dorsal aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
XAO:0000051	dorsal aorta	VHOG:0000264	dorsal aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
ZFA:0000014	dorsal aorta	VHOG:0000264	dorsal aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:408	internal carotid artery	VHOG:0000267	internal carotid artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451-454 and Figure 12.11"]
EHDAA:6377	internal carotid artery	VHOG:0000267	internal carotid artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451-454 and Figure 12.11"]
EMAPA:16328	internal carotid artery	VHOG:0000267	internal carotid artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451-454 and Figure 12.11"]
EMAPA:18612	internal	VHOG:0000267	internal carotid artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451-454 and Figure 12.11"]
MA:0001930	internal carotid artery	VHOG:0000267	internal carotid artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451-454 and Figure 12.11"]
XAO:0000366	internal carotid artery	VHOG:0000267	internal carotid artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451-454 and Figure 12.11"]
ZFA:0005081	internal carotid artery	VHOG:0000267	internal carotid artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451-454 and Figure 12.11"]
EHDAA:658	facio-acoustic neural crest	VHOG:0000268	facio-acoustic neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16312	facio-acoustic neural crest	VHOG:0000268	facio-acoustic neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000762	facio-acoustic neural crest	VHOG:0000268	facio-acoustic neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:667	trigeminal neural crest	VHOG:0000269	trigeminal neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16170	trigeminal neural crest	VHOG:0000269	trigeminal neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000080	trigeminal neural crest	VHOG:0000269	trigeminal neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EV:0100313	dura mater	VHOG:0000270	brain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000815	brain dura mater	VHOG:0000270	brain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:4760	olfactory pit	VHOG:0000271	nasal cavity	well established	"Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution." [DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 "Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006)"]
EHDAA:6789	nasal cavity	VHOG:0000271	nasal cavity	well established	"Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution." [DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 "Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006)"]
EMAPA:16800	olfactory pit	VHOG:0000271	nasal cavity	well established	"Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution." [DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 "Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006)"]
EMAPA:17604	nasal cavity	VHOG:0000271	nasal cavity	well established	"Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution." [DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 "Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006)"]
MA:0000284	nasal cavity	VHOG:0000271	nasal cavity	well established	"Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution." [DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 "Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006)"]
XAO:0000275	nasal pit	VHOG:0000271	nasal cavity	well established	"Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution." [DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 "Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006)"]
ZFA:0000130	olfactory pit	VHOG:0000271	nasal cavity	well established	"Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution." [DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 "Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006)"]
EHDAA:396	arterial system	VHOG:0000273	arterial system	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005)"]
EMAPA:16201	arterial system	VHOG:0000273	arterial system	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005)"]
MA:0002719	arterial system	VHOG:0000273	arterial system	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005)"]
EHDAA:1024	arterial system	VHOG:0000274	extraembryonic arterial system	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16371	arterial system	VHOG:0000274	extraembryonic arterial system	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:936	eye	VHOG:0000275	eye	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EMAPA:16198	eye	VHOG:0000275	eye	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EV:0100336	visual apparatus	VHOG:0000275	eye	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
MA:0000261	eye	VHOG:0000275	eye	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000179	eye	VHOG:0000275	eye	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
ZFA:0000107	eye	VHOG:0000275	eye	well established	"The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EHDAA:420	heart	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:424	early primitive heart tube	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:436	primitive heart tube	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16105	heart	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16208	early primitive heart tube	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16215	primitive heart tube	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EV:0100018	heart	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000072	heart	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
XAO:0000064	heart	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
XAO:0000336	fused heart primordium	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0000028	heart primordium	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0000114	heart	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0000115	heart rudiment	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0000149	primitive heart tube	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0000360	heart tube	VHOG:0000276	heart	well established	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:486	venous system	VHOG:0000277	venous system	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005)"]
EMAPA:16240	venous system	VHOG:0000277	venous system	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005)"]
MA:0002720	venous system	VHOG:0000277	venous system	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005)"]
EHDAA:2841	cranial	VHOG:0000279	cranial nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:17264	cranial	VHOG:0000279	cranial nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
MA:0000215	cranial nerve	VHOG:0000279	cranial nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
XAO:0003089	cranial nerve	VHOG:0000279	cranial nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000641	cranial nerve	VHOG:0000279	cranial nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:542	oral region	VHOG:0000280	oral region	well established	" (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 "Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16262	oral region	VHOG:0000280	oral region	well established	" (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 "Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007)"]
MA:0000341	oral region	VHOG:0000280	oral region	well established	" (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 "Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007)"]
XAO:0000257	oral evagination	VHOG:0000280	oral region	well established	" (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 "Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007)"]
ZFA:0000590	oral region	VHOG:0000280	oral region	well established	" (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 "Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007)"]
EHDAA:1032	venous system	VHOG:0000282	extraembryonic venous system	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16374	venous system	VHOG:0000282	extraembryonic venous system	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:1969	future telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:2647	future telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:3484	telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:16652	telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:16910	telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
MA:0000183	telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
XAO:0000012	telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0000079	telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0000571	presumptive telencephalon	VHOG:0000283	telencephalon	well established	"From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:504	inner ear	VHOG:0000284	inner ear	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
EMAPA:16194	inner ear	VHOG:0000284	inner ear	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
EV:0100361	internal ear	VHOG:0000284	inner ear	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
MA:0000237	inner ear	VHOG:0000284	inner ear	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
XAO:0000192	inner ear	VHOG:0000284	inner ear	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
ZFA:0000217	inner ear	VHOG:0000284	inner ear	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
EHDAA:520	foregut	VHOG:0000285	foregut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16248	foregut diverticulum	VHOG:0000285	foregut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16548	foregut	VHOG:0000285	foregut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0001526	foregut	VHOG:0000285	foregut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
XAO:0000232	foregut	VHOG:0000285	foregut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:1013	urogenital system	VHOG:0000286	urogenital system	well established	"Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.633"]
EMAPA:16367	urogenital system	VHOG:0000286	urogenital system	well established	"Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.633"]
EV:0100094	urogenital system	VHOG:0000286	urogenital system	well established	"Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.633"]
XAO:0000140	urogenital system	VHOG:0000286	urogenital system	well established	"Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.633"]
EHDAA:1502	nose	VHOG:0000287	olfactory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
EMAPA:16542	nose	VHOG:0000287	olfactory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
EV:0100037	nose	VHOG:0000287	olfactory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
MA:0000281	nose	VHOG:0000287	olfactory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
XAO:0000273	olfactory organ	VHOG:0000287	olfactory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
ZFA:0000047	peripheral olfactory organ	VHOG:0000287	olfactory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
EHDAA:6019	chondrocranium	VHOG:0000288	chondrocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1)." Origin of chondrocranium predates the evolution of vertebrates (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ and Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization, Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
EMAPA:17681	chondrocranium	VHOG:0000288	chondrocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1)." Origin of chondrocranium predates the evolution of vertebrates (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ and Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization, Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
MA:0000317	chondrocranium	VHOG:0000288	chondrocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1)." Origin of chondrocranium predates the evolution of vertebrates (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ and Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization, Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
XAO:0003059	chondrocranium	VHOG:0000288	chondrocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1)." Origin of chondrocranium predates the evolution of vertebrates (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ and Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization, Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
ZFA:0001424	chondrocranium	VHOG:0000288	chondrocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1)." Origin of chondrocranium predates the evolution of vertebrates (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ and Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization, Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
EHDAA:4714	utricle	VHOG:0000289	utricle	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EMAPA:17293	utricle	VHOG:0000289	utricle	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EV:0100368	utricle	VHOG:0000289	utricle	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
MA:0000247	utricle	VHOG:0000289	utricle	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
XAO:0000195	utricle	VHOG:0000289	utricle	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000700	utricle	VHOG:0000289	utricle	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EHDAA:983	midgut	VHOG:0000290	midgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16255	midgut	VHOG:0000290	midgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0001564	midgut	VHOG:0000290	midgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
XAO:0000103	midgut	VHOG:0000290	midgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:526	foregut-midgut junction	VHOG:0000291	foregut-midgut junction	well established	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16363	foregut-midgut junction	VHOG:0000291	foregut-midgut junction	well established	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:46	extraembryonic component	VHOG:0000292	extraembryonic structure	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.188 Figure 5.29"]
EMAPA:16042	extraembryonic component	VHOG:0000292	extraembryonic structure	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.188 Figure 5.29"]
EHDAA:828	central nervous system	VHOG:0000293	central nervous system	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2)", DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 "Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3)"]
EMAPA:16470	central nervous system	VHOG:0000293	central nervous system	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2)", DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 "Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3)"]
EMAPA:16754	central nervous system	VHOG:0000293	central nervous system	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2)", DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 "Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3)"]
EV:0100163	central nervous system	VHOG:0000293	central nervous system	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2)", DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 "Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3)"]
MA:0000167	central nervous system	VHOG:0000293	central nervous system	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2)", DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 "Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3)"]
XAO:0000215	central nervous system	VHOG:0000293	central nervous system	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2)", DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 "Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3)"]
ZFA:0000012	central nervous system	VHOG:0000293	central nervous system	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2)", DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 "Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3)"]
EHDAA:2177	liver and biliary system	VHOG:0000294	liver and biliary system	well established	Liver and pancreas are described as major organ systems of craniates. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.42-43 and Figure 2-11"]
EMAPA:16840	liver and biliary system	VHOG:0000294	liver and biliary system	well established	Liver and pancreas are described as major organ systems of craniates. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.42-43 and Figure 2-11"]
EV:0100088	liver and biliary system	VHOG:0000294	liver and biliary system	well established	Liver and pancreas are described as major organ systems of craniates. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.42-43 and Figure 2-11"]
MA:0000324	hepatobiliary system	VHOG:0000294	liver and biliary system	well established	Liver and pancreas are described as major organ systems of craniates. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.42-43 and Figure 2-11"]
XAO:0000132	liver and biliary system	VHOG:0000294	liver and biliary system	well established	Liver and pancreas are described as major organ systems of craniates. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.42-43 and Figure 2-11"]
ZFA:0000036	liver and biliary system	VHOG:0000294	liver and biliary system	well established	Liver and pancreas are described as major organ systems of craniates. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.42-43 and Figure 2-11"]
EHDAA:573	1st arch	VHOG:0000296	pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EMAPA:16118	1st arch	VHOG:0000296	pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000097	mandibular arch	VHOG:0000296	pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001612	pharyngeal arch 1	VHOG:0000296	pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:611	2nd arch	VHOG:0000297	pharyngeal arch 2	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EMAPA:16272	2nd arch	VHOG:0000297	pharyngeal arch 2	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000098	hyoid arch	VHOG:0000297	pharyngeal arch 2	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001611	pharyngeal arch 2	VHOG:0000297	pharyngeal arch 2	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:1080	3rd arch	VHOG:0000298	pharyngeal arch 3	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EMAPA:16399	3rd arch	VHOG:0000298	pharyngeal arch 3	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000447	branchial arch 1	VHOG:0000298	pharyngeal arch 3	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001606	pharyngeal arch 3	VHOG:0000298	pharyngeal arch 3	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:1663	4th arch	VHOG:0000299	pharyngeal arch 4	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EMAPA:16760	4th arch	VHOG:0000299	pharyngeal arch 4	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000449	branchial arch 2	VHOG:0000299	pharyngeal arch 4	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001607	pharyngeal arch 4	VHOG:0000299	pharyngeal arch 4	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:2859	floor plate	VHOG:0000300	floor plate neural tube	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:910	floor plate	VHOG:0000300	floor plate neural tube	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16165	floor plate	VHOG:0000300	floor plate neural tube	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16531	floor plate	VHOG:0000300	floor plate neural tube	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0001434	floor plate neural tube	VHOG:0000300	floor plate neural tube	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1562	right lung rudiment	VHOG:0000301	right lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EHDAA:2201	right lung rudiment	VHOG:0000301	right lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EHDAA:4957	right lung	VHOG:0000301	right lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EMAPA:16733	right lung rudiment	VHOG:0000301	right lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EMAPA:17661	right lung	VHOG:0000301	right lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
MA:0000426	right lung	VHOG:0000301	right lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EHDAA:394	cardiovascular system	VHOG:0000302	cardiovascular system	well established	"The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451"]
EMAPA:16104	cardiovascular system	VHOG:0000302	cardiovascular system	well established	"The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451"]
EV:0100017	cardiovascular system	VHOG:0000302	cardiovascular system	well established	"The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451"]
MA:0000010	cardiovascular system	VHOG:0000302	cardiovascular system	well established	"The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451"]
XAO:0000100	cardiovascular system	VHOG:0000302	cardiovascular system	well established	"The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451"]
ZFA:0000010	cardiovascular system	VHOG:0000302	cardiovascular system	well established	"The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451"]
EHDAA:2879	roof plate	VHOG:0000303	roof plate neural tube	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:916	roof plate	VHOG:0000303	roof plate neural tube	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16168	roof plate	VHOG:0000303	roof plate neural tube	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16535	roof plate	VHOG:0000303	roof plate neural tube	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0001436	roof plate neural tube region	VHOG:0000303	roof plate neural tube	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7137	pelvic girdle	VHOG:0000305	pelvic girdle	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
EHDAA:8312	pelvic girdle	VHOG:0000305	pelvic girdle	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
EMAPA:18028	pelvic girdle	VHOG:0000305	pelvic girdle	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
EMAPA:18184	pelvic girdle	VHOG:0000305	pelvic girdle	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
MA:0000293	pelvic girdle bone	VHOG:0000305	pelvic girdle	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
XAO:0003064	pelvic girdle	VHOG:0000305	pelvic girdle	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
ZFA:0000565	pelvic girdle	VHOG:0000305	pelvic girdle	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
EHDAA:2687	alar plate	VHOG:0000306	alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3512	alar plate	VHOG:0000306	alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5492	alar plate	VHOG:0000306	alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17073	alar plate	VHOG:0000306	alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2857	neural tube	VHOG:0000307	neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:908	neural tube	VHOG:0000307	neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16164	neural tube	VHOG:0000307	neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16530	neural tube	VHOG:0000307	neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16757	neural tube	VHOG:0000307	neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0001135	neural tube	VHOG:0000307	neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:9234	parotid gland primordium	VHOG:0000308	parotid gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
EMAPA:18537	parotid	VHOG:0000308	parotid gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
EV:0100060	parotid gland	VHOG:0000308	parotid gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
MA:0001585	parotid gland	VHOG:0000308	parotid gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
EHDAA:518	gut	VHOG:0000309	gut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16247	gut	VHOG:0000309	gut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0000917	gut	VHOG:0000309	gut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
XAO:0000092	archenteron	VHOG:0000309	gut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
ZFA:0000112	gut	VHOG:0000309	gut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:1554	lung	VHOG:0000310	lung - swim bladder	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210", DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 "Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011)"]
EHDAA:2193	lung	VHOG:0000310	lung - swim bladder	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210", DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 "Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011)"]
EMAPA:16728	lung	VHOG:0000310	lung - swim bladder	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210", DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 "Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011)"]
EV:0100042	lung	VHOG:0000310	lung - swim bladder	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210", DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 "Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011)"]
MA:0000415	lung	VHOG:0000310	lung - swim bladder	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210", DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 "Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011)"]
XAO:0000119	lung	VHOG:0000310	lung - swim bladder	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210", DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 "Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011)"]
XAO:0001002	lung primordium	VHOG:0000310	lung - swim bladder	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210", DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 "Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011)"]
ZFA:0000076	swim bladder	VHOG:0000310	lung - swim bladder	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210", DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 "Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011)"]
EHDAA:3774	external ear	VHOG:0000311	external ear	uncertain	"Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages." [DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 "Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008)"]
EMAPA:16991	external ear	VHOG:0000311	external ear	uncertain	"Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages." [DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 "Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008)"]
EV:0100354	external ear	VHOG:0000311	external ear	uncertain	"Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages." [DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 "Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008)"]
MA:0000258	outer ear	VHOG:0000311	external ear	uncertain	"Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages." [DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 "Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008)"]
XAO:0000190	external ear	VHOG:0000311	external ear	uncertain	"Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages." [DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 "Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008)"]
EHDAA:5681	middle ear	VHOG:0000312	middle ear	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
EMAPA:17000	middle ear	VHOG:0000312	middle ear	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
EV:0100357	middle ear	VHOG:0000312	middle ear	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
MA:0000253	middle ear	VHOG:0000312	middle ear	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
XAO:0000191	middle ear	VHOG:0000312	middle ear	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
EHDAA:8349	viscerocranium	VHOG:0000315	viscerocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.235"]
EMAPA:18022	viscerocranium	VHOG:0000315	viscerocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.235"]
MA:0000318	viscerocranium	VHOG:0000315	viscerocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.235"]
ZFA:0001216	splanchnocranium	VHOG:0000315	viscerocranium	well established	"The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.235"]
EHDAA:251	intraembryonic coelom	VHOG:0000316	intraembryonic coelom	well established	" (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166"]
EMAPA:16088	intraembryonic coelom	VHOG:0000316	intraembryonic coelom	well established	" (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166"]
XAO:0000439	filter chamber	VHOG:0000316	intraembryonic coelom	well established	" (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166"]
ZFA:0001438	coelom	VHOG:0000316	intraembryonic coelom	well established	" (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota)." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166"]
EHDAA:5037	axial skeleton	VHOG:0000317	axial skeleton	well established	"The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods." [DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 "Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011)"]
EMAPA:17214	axial skeleton	VHOG:0000317	axial skeleton	well established	"The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods." [DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 "Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011)"]
EMAPA:18043	axial skeleton	VHOG:0000317	axial skeleton	well established	"The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods." [DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 "Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011)"]
MA:0000308	axial skeleton	VHOG:0000317	axial skeleton	well established	"The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods." [DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 "Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011)"]
XAO:0003073	postcranial axial skeleton	VHOG:0000317	axial skeleton	well established	"The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods." [DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 "Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011)"]
ZFA:0000317	postcranial axial skeleton	VHOG:0000317	axial skeleton	well established	"The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods." [DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 "Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011)"]
EHDAA:1957	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2633	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3460	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:844	future diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16514	future diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16641	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16896	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EV:0100194	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
MA:0000171	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
XAO:0000013	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000101	diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000574	presumptive diencephalon	VHOG:0000318	diencephalon	well established	"Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EV:0100377	skeletal muscle	VHOG:0000319	skeletal muscle	well established	"This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA)." [PMID:10368962 "Oota S, Saitou N, Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees. Mol Biol Evol (1999)"]
MA:0000165	set of skeletal muscles	VHOG:0000319	skeletal muscle	well established	"This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA)." [PMID:10368962 "Oota S, Saitou N, Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees. Mol Biol Evol (1999)"]
XAO:0000174	skeletal muscle	VHOG:0000319	skeletal muscle	well established	"This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA)." [PMID:10368962 "Oota S, Saitou N, Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees. Mol Biol Evol (1999)"]
EHDAA:2695	basal plate	VHOG:0000320	basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3522	basal plate	VHOG:0000320	basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5502	basal plate	VHOG:0000320	basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17078	basal plate	VHOG:0000320	basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2731	alar plate	VHOG:0000321	alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3568	alar plate	VHOG:0000321	alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5520	alar plate	VHOG:0000321	alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17084	alar plate	VHOG:0000321	alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2737	basal plate	VHOG:0000322	basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3576	basal plate	VHOG:0000322	basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5528	basal plate	VHOG:0000322	basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17088	basal plate	VHOG:0000322	basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7582	alar plate	VHOG:0000323	alar plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17553	alar plate	VHOG:0000323	alar plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7592	basal plate	VHOG:0000324	basal plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17557	basal plate	VHOG:0000324	basal plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5470	olfactory cortex	VHOG:0000325	olfactory cortex	well established	" (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex." [DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x "Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008)"]
EMAPA:17779	olfactory cortex	VHOG:0000325	olfactory cortex	well established	" (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex." [DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x "Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008)"]
EV:0100178	primary olfactory cortex	VHOG:0000325	olfactory cortex	well established	" (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex." [DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x "Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008)"]
EV:0100179	secondary olfactory cortex	VHOG:0000325	olfactory cortex	well established	" (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex." [DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x "Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008)"]
MA:0000193	olfactory cortex	VHOG:0000325	olfactory cortex	well established	" (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex." [DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x "Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008)"]
EHDAA:2685	lateral wall	VHOG:0000326	lateral wall metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3510	lateral wall	VHOG:0000326	lateral wall metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5490	lateral wall	VHOG:0000326	lateral wall metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17072	lateral wall	VHOG:0000326	lateral wall metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7580	lateral wall	VHOG:0000327	lateral wall medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17552	lateral wall	VHOG:0000327	lateral wall medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1277	right part	VHOG:0000328	right atrium	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:16820	right part	VHOG:0000328	right atrium	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:17321	right atrium	VHOG:0000328	right atrium	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
MA:0000075	heart right atrium	VHOG:0000328	right atrium	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:2883	spinal	VHOG:0000329	spinal peripheral nervous system	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16666	spinal	VHOG:0000329	spinal peripheral nervous system	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:502	ear	VHOG:0000330	ear	well established	"Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 "Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston's organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EMAPA:16193	ear	VHOG:0000330	ear	well established	"Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 "Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston's organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EV:0100353	auditory apparatus	VHOG:0000330	ear	well established	"Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 "Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston's organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
MA:0000236	ear	VHOG:0000330	ear	well established	"Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 "Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston's organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
XAO:0000189	auditory apparatus	VHOG:0000330	ear	well established	"Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 "Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston's organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
ZFA:0001138	vestibuloauditory system	VHOG:0000330	ear	well established	"Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 "Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston's organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EHDAA:9526	vault of skull	VHOG:0000331	vault of skull	well established	"The earliest tetrapods arose from rhipidistian ancestors and retained many of their skull features, including most of the bones of the dermatocranium." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256"]
EMAPA:18016	vault of skull	VHOG:0000331	vault of skull	well established	"The earliest tetrapods arose from rhipidistian ancestors and retained many of their skull features, including most of the bones of the dermatocranium." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256"]
EHDAA:6017	cranium	VHOG:0000334	cranium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
EMAPA:17680	cranium	VHOG:0000334	cranium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
MA:0000316	cranium	VHOG:0000334	cranium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
XAO:0003075	cranium	VHOG:0000334	cranium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
ZFA:0000737	cranium	VHOG:0000334	cranium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42"]
EHDAA:6027	pectoral girdle and thoracic body wall	VHOG:0000335	pectoral girdle and thoracic body wall	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-336"]
EMAPA:18025	pectoral girdle and thoracic body wall	VHOG:0000335	pectoral girdle and thoracic body wall	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-336"]
EHDAA:1697	limb	VHOG:0000336	limb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:16405	limb	VHOG:0000336	limb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000007	limb	VHOG:0000336	limb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
XAO:0003027	limb	VHOG:0000336	limb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:6082	lower limb	VHOG:0000337	hindlimb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17458	hindlimb	VHOG:0000337	hindlimb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EV:0100015	lower limb	VHOG:0000337	hindlimb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000026	hindlimb	VHOG:0000337	hindlimb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
XAO:0003031	hindlimb	VHOG:0000337	hindlimb	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:4152	arm	VHOG:0000339	arm	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:6198	arm	VHOG:0000339	arm	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17242	arm	VHOG:0000339	arm	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17413	arm	VHOG:0000339	arm	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000033	arm	VHOG:0000339	arm	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:4154	elbow	VHOG:0000340	elbow	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 5, Form and function: Joints and kinematic chain, p.193-195"]
EHDAA:6200	elbow	VHOG:0000340	elbow	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 5, Form and function: Joints and kinematic chain, p.193-195"]
EMAPA:17414	elbow	VHOG:0000340	elbow	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 5, Form and function: Joints and kinematic chain, p.193-195"]
MA:0000036	elbow	VHOG:0000340	elbow	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 5, Form and function: Joints and kinematic chain, p.193-195"]
EHDAA:4160	forearm	VHOG:0000341	forelimb zeugopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:6206	forearm	VHOG:0000341	forelimb zeugopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17417	forearm	VHOG:0000341	forelimb zeugopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000034	lower arm	VHOG:0000341	forelimb zeugopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:4168	shoulder	VHOG:0000342	shoulder	well established	" (...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.332"]
EHDAA:6216	shoulder	VHOG:0000342	shoulder	well established	" (...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.332"]
EMAPA:17421	shoulder	VHOG:0000342	shoulder	well established	" (...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.332"]
MA:0000038	shoulder	VHOG:0000342	shoulder	well established	" (...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.332"]
EHDAA:4174	upper arm	VHOG:0000343	forelimb stylopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:6222	upper arm	VHOG:0000343	forelimb stylopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17424	upper arm	VHOG:0000343	forelimb stylopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000035	upper arm	VHOG:0000343	forelimb stylopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:4182	handplate	VHOG:0000344	forelimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
EHDAA:6230	handplate	VHOG:0000344	forelimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
EMAPA:17245	handplate	VHOG:0000344	forelimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
EMAPA:17428	handplate	VHOG:0000344	forelimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
MA:0000037	hand	VHOG:0000344	forelimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
EHDAA:5139	leg	VHOG:0000345	leg	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:6164	leg	VHOG:0000345	leg	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17253	leg	VHOG:0000345	leg	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17489	leg	VHOG:0000345	leg	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000047	leg	VHOG:0000345	leg	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:5141	hip	VHOG:0000346	hip	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
EHDAA:6166	hip	VHOG:0000346	hip	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
EMAPA:17490	hip	VHOG:0000346	hip	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
MA:0000045	hip	VHOG:0000346	hip	well established	"The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333"]
EHDAA:5147	knee	VHOG:0000347	knee	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 5, Form and function: Joints and kinematic chain, p.360-365"]
EHDAA:6172	knee	VHOG:0000347	knee	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 5, Form and function: Joints and kinematic chain, p.360-365"]
EMAPA:17493	knee	VHOG:0000347	knee	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 5, Form and function: Joints and kinematic chain, p.360-365"]
MA:0000046	knee	VHOG:0000347	knee	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 5, Form and function: Joints and kinematic chain, p.360-365"]
EHDAA:5153	lower leg	VHOG:0000348	hindlimb zeudopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:6178	lower leg	VHOG:0000348	hindlimb zeudopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17496	lower leg	VHOG:0000348	hindlimb zeudopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000051	lower leg	VHOG:0000348	hindlimb zeudopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:5159	upper leg	VHOG:0000349	hindlimb stylopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:6188	upper leg	VHOG:0000349	hindlimb stylopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:17499	upper leg	VHOG:0000349	hindlimb stylopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000052	upper leg	VHOG:0000349	hindlimb stylopodium	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:5131	footplate	VHOG:0000350	hindlimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
EHDAA:6084	footplate	VHOG:0000350	hindlimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
EMAPA:17249	footplate	VHOG:0000350	hindlimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
EMAPA:17459	footplate	VHOG:0000350	hindlimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
MA:0000044	foot	VHOG:0000350	hindlimb autopodium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.321 and Figure 9.2"]
EHDAA:2993	ventral mesogastrium	VHOG:0000351	ventral mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:17026	ventral mesogastrium	VHOG:0000351	ventral mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18907	ventral mesogastrium	VHOG:0000351	ventral mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
MA:0001621	ventral mesogastrium	VHOG:0000351	ventral mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:2989	dorsal mesogastrium	VHOG:0000352	dorsal mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:17025	dorsal mesogastrium	VHOG:0000352	dorsal mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18903	dorsal mesogastrium	VHOG:0000352	dorsal mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
MA:0001618	dorsal mesogastrium	VHOG:0000352	dorsal mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:432	mesentery	VHOG:0000353	heart mesentery	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:16212	mesentery	VHOG:0000353	heart mesentery	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:9148	gastrosplenic ligament	VHOG:0000354	gastrosplenic ligament	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18285	gastro-splenic ligament	VHOG:0000354	gastrosplenic ligament	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18905	gastro-splenic ligament	VHOG:0000354	gastrosplenic ligament	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
MA:0001619	gastro-splenic ligament	VHOG:0000354	gastrosplenic ligament	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:4844	falciform ligament	VHOG:0000355	falciform ligament	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.160 and Figure 4-31"]
EMAPA:18288	falciform ligament	VHOG:0000355	falciform ligament	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.160 and Figure 4-31"]
EMAPA:18908	falciform ligament	VHOG:0000355	falciform ligament	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.160 and Figure 4-31"]
MA:0001622	falciform ligament	VHOG:0000355	falciform ligament	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.160 and Figure 4-31"]
EHDAA:6059	greater omentum	VHOG:0000356	greater omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18660	greater omentum	VHOG:0000356	greater omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18904	greater omentum	VHOG:0000356	greater omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EV:0100085	greater omentum	VHOG:0000356	greater omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:4846	lesser omentum	VHOG:0000357	lesser omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:17890	lesser omentum	VHOG:0000357	lesser omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18909	lesser omentum	VHOG:0000357	lesser omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EV:0100086	lesser omentum	VHOG:0000357	lesser omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
MA:0001623	lesser omentum	VHOG:0000357	lesser omentum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:2987	mesentery	VHOG:0000358	mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:17024	mesentery	VHOG:0000358	mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18902	mesentery	VHOG:0000358	mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
MA:0001617	stomach mesentery	VHOG:0000358	mesogastrium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:2729	lateral wall	VHOG:0000359	lateral wall myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3566	lateral wall	VHOG:0000359	lateral wall myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5518	lateral wall	VHOG:0000359	lateral wall myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17083	lateral wall	VHOG:0000359	lateral wall myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3820	rostral part	VHOG:0000360	duodenum rostral part	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:17179	rostral part	VHOG:0000360	duodenum rostral part	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:3927	caudal part	VHOG:0000361	duodenum caudal part	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:17194	caudal part	VHOG:0000361	duodenum caudal part	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:6952	primary palate	VHOG:0000362	primary palate	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498"]
EHDAA:8023	primary palate	VHOG:0000362	primary palate	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498"]
EMAPA:17642	primary palate	VHOG:0000362	primary palate	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498"]
EMAPA:17934	primary palate	VHOG:0000362	primary palate	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498"]
MA:0001583	primary palate	VHOG:0000362	primary palate	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498"]
EHDAA:7977	sublingual gland primordium	VHOG:0000363	sublingual gland	well established	"Most mammals have well-developed parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.553"]
EMAPA:17752	sublingual gland primordium	VHOG:0000363	sublingual gland	well established	"Most mammals have well-developed parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.553"]
EMAPA:18809	sublingual gland	VHOG:0000363	sublingual gland	well established	"Most mammals have well-developed parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.553"]
EV:0100062	sublingual gland	VHOG:0000363	sublingual gland	well established	"Most mammals have well-developed parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.553"]
MA:0001588	sublingual gland	VHOG:0000363	sublingual gland	well established	"Most mammals have well-developed parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.553"]
EHDAA:9243	submandibular gland primordium	VHOG:0000364	submandibular gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
EMAPA:17755	submandibular gland primordium	VHOG:0000364	submandibular gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
EMAPA:18812	submandibular gland	VHOG:0000364	submandibular gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
EV:0100061	submandibular gland	VHOG:0000364	submandibular gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
MA:0001589	submandibular gland	VHOG:0000364	submandibular gland	well established	"The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525"]
EHDAA:1269	left part	VHOG:0000369	left atrium	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:16813	left part	VHOG:0000369	left atrium	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:17315	left atrium	VHOG:0000369	left atrium	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
MA:0000074	heart left atrium	VHOG:0000369	left atrium	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:3060	main bronchus	VHOG:0000370	main bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.596-599 and Figure 18-22, A"]
EMAPA:16849	main bronchus	VHOG:0000370	main bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.596-599 and Figure 18-22, A"]
MA:0000438	main bronchus	VHOG:0000370	main bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.596-599 and Figure 18-22, A"]
EHDAA:1007	tracheal diverticulum	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
EHDAA:1574	tracheal diverticulum	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
EHDAA:2211	primitive trachea	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
EHDAA:3066	trachea	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
EMAPA:16740	tracheal diverticulum	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
EMAPA:16853	trachea	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
EV:0100040	trachea	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
MA:0000441	trachea	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
XAO:0000118	trachea	VHOG:0000371	trachea	well established	"In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409"]
EHDAA:3770	brachial plexus	VHOG:0000372	brachial plexus	well established	"To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436"]
EMAPA:16988	brachial plexus	VHOG:0000372	brachial plexus	well established	"To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436"]
MA:0001180	brachial plexus	VHOG:0000372	brachial plexus	well established	"To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436"]
EHDAA:3784	endolymphatic appendage	VHOG:0000373	endolymphatic appendage	well established	Endolymphatic appendage is one of the mammal developmental events. [http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol71/nr01/art05]
EHDAA:4680	endolymphatic appendage	VHOG:0000373	endolymphatic appendage	well established	Endolymphatic appendage is one of the mammal developmental events. [http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol71/nr01/art05]
EMAPA:16994	endolymphatic appendage	VHOG:0000373	endolymphatic appendage	well established	Endolymphatic appendage is one of the mammal developmental events. [http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol71/nr01/art05]
EMAPA:17283	endolymphatic appendage	VHOG:0000373	endolymphatic appendage	well established	Endolymphatic appendage is one of the mammal developmental events. [http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol71/nr01/art05]
EHDAA:4700	saccule	VHOG:0000374	saccule	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) ." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EMAPA:17290	saccule	VHOG:0000374	saccule	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) ." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EV:0100369	saccule	VHOG:0000374	saccule	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) ." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
MA:0000246	saccule	VHOG:0000374	saccule	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) ." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
XAO:0000196	sacculus	VHOG:0000374	saccule	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) ." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000428	saccule	VHOG:0000374	saccule	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) ." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EHDAA:7074	nasopharynx	VHOG:0000375	nasopharynx	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EMAPA:17670	nasopharynx	VHOG:0000375	nasopharynx	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EV:0100066	nasopharynx	VHOG:0000375	nasopharynx	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
MA:0000443	nasopharynx	VHOG:0000375	nasopharynx	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EHDAA:7975	salivary gland	VHOG:0000376	salivary gland	well established	"In air-feeding animals, the lack of water column to lubricate the food has been compensated for by the evolution of the salivary glands. These glands are present only in amniotes and are controlled by the parasympathetic system." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptationm(2005) p.211"]
EMAPA:17751	salivary gland	VHOG:0000376	salivary gland	well established	"In air-feeding animals, the lack of water column to lubricate the food has been compensated for by the evolution of the salivary glands. These glands are present only in amniotes and are controlled by the parasympathetic system." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptationm(2005) p.211"]
EV:0100059	salivary gland	VHOG:0000376	salivary gland	well established	"In air-feeding animals, the lack of water column to lubricate the food has been compensated for by the evolution of the salivary glands. These glands are present only in amniotes and are controlled by the parasympathetic system." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptationm(2005) p.211"]
MA:0000346	salivary gland	VHOG:0000376	salivary gland	well established	"In air-feeding animals, the lack of water column to lubricate the food has been compensated for by the evolution of the salivary glands. These glands are present only in amniotes and are controlled by the parasympathetic system." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptationm(2005) p.211"]
EHDAA:9271	palatal shelf	VHOG:0000378	palatal shelf	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone (reference 1); In all vertebrates, the secondary palate arises as bilateral outgrowths from the maxillary processes. (...) Secondary palate development appears to be absent in lower vertebrates including fish (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498", PMID:3074914 "Ferguson WJ Mark. Palate development. Development (1988)"]
EMAPA:17362	palatal shelf	VHOG:0000378	palatal shelf	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone (reference 1); In all vertebrates, the secondary palate arises as bilateral outgrowths from the maxillary processes. (...) Secondary palate development appears to be absent in lower vertebrates including fish (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498", PMID:3074914 "Ferguson WJ Mark. Palate development. Development (1988)"]
EMAPA:17930	palatal shelf	VHOG:0000378	palatal shelf	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone (reference 1); In all vertebrates, the secondary palate arises as bilateral outgrowths from the maxillary processes. (...) Secondary palate development appears to be absent in lower vertebrates including fish (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498", PMID:3074914 "Ferguson WJ Mark. Palate development. Development (1988)"]
MA:0001581	palatal shelf	VHOG:0000378	palatal shelf	well established	Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone (reference 1); In all vertebrates, the secondary palate arises as bilateral outgrowths from the maxillary processes. (...) Secondary palate development appears to be absent in lower vertebrates including fish (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.278 Figure 7.58 and p.498", PMID:3074914 "Ferguson WJ Mark. Palate development. Development (1988)"]
EHDAA:438	bulbus cordis	VHOG:0000379	bulbus cordis - bulbus arteriosus	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta. However, similar to the mammalian condition, the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development. The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VN, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EHDAA:768	bulbus cordis	VHOG:0000379	bulbus cordis - bulbus arteriosus	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta. However, similar to the mammalian condition, the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development. The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VN, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:16216	bulbus cordis	VHOG:0000379	bulbus cordis - bulbus arteriosus	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta. However, similar to the mammalian condition, the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development. The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VN, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:16333	bulbus cordis	VHOG:0000379	bulbus cordis - bulbus arteriosus	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta. However, similar to the mammalian condition, the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development. The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VN, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
ZFA:0000173	bulbus arteriosus	VHOG:0000379	bulbus cordis - bulbus arteriosus	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta. However, similar to the mammalian condition, the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development. The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VN, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EHDAA:1570	lower	VHOG:0000382	lower respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.211-212"]
EHDAA:2209	lower	VHOG:0000382	lower respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.211-212"]
EMAPA:16738	lower	VHOG:0000382	lower respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.211-212"]
MA:0000435	lower respiratory tract	VHOG:0000382	lower respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.211-212"]
EHDAA:1955	prosencephalon	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EHDAA:2631	future forebrain	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EHDAA:310	future prosencephalon	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EHDAA:3458	forebrain	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EHDAA:840	future prosencephalon	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EMAPA:16144	future prosencephalon	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EMAPA:16512	prosencephalon	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EMAPA:16640	future forebrain	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EMAPA:16895	forebrain	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
MA:0000170	forebrain	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
XAO:0000011	forebrain	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
ZFA:0000062	presumptive forebrain	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
ZFA:0000109	forebrain	VHOG:0000383	forebrain	well established	"In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain." [PMID:8787764 "Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996)"]
EHDAA:3757	sympathetic	VHOG:0000384	sympathetic nervous system	well established	"The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.461-463"]
EMAPA:16985	sympathetic	VHOG:0000384	sympathetic nervous system	well established	"The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.461-463"]
MA:0000225	sympathetic nervous system	VHOG:0000384	sympathetic nervous system	well established	"The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.461-463"]
ZFA:0001576	sympathetic nervous system	VHOG:0000384	sympathetic nervous system	well established	"The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.461-463"]
EHDAA:1884	interatrial septum	VHOG:0000385	interatrial septum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:17011	interatrial septum	VHOG:0000385	interatrial septum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
MA:0000084	interatrial septum	VHOG:0000385	interatrial septum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:1904	future interventricular septum	VHOG:0000386	interventricular septum	well established	"The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.430"]
EHDAA:2591	interventricular septum	VHOG:0000386	interventricular septum	well established	"The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.430"]
EMAPA:17333	interventricular septum	VHOG:0000386	interventricular septum	well established	"The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.430"]
MA:0000085	heart interventricular septum	VHOG:0000386	interventricular septum	well established	"The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.430"]
XAO:0003045	epithelium	VHOG:0000387	epithelium	well established	"The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.59"]
ZFA:0001486	epithelium	VHOG:0000387	epithelium	well established	"The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.59"]
EHDAA:9029	lower	VHOG:0000388	lower eyelid	well established	"A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431"]
EMAPA:17831	lower	VHOG:0000388	lower eyelid	well established	"A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431"]
MA:0001263	lower eyelid	VHOG:0000388	lower eyelid	well established	"A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431"]
XAO:0000007	lower eyelid	VHOG:0000388	lower eyelid	well established	"A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431"]
EHDAA:9035	upper	VHOG:0000389	upper eyelid	well established	"A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431"]
EMAPA:17834	upper	VHOG:0000389	upper eyelid	well established	"A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431"]
MA:0001267	upper eyelid	VHOG:0000389	upper eyelid	well established	"A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431"]
EHDAA:1568	respiratory tract	VHOG:0000393	respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007), Respiratory systems chapter 11, p.211-212"]
EHDAA:2207	respiratory tract	VHOG:0000393	respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007), Respiratory systems chapter 11, p.211-212"]
EMAPA:16737	respiratory tract	VHOG:0000393	respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007), Respiratory systems chapter 11, p.211-212"]
MA:0000434	respiratory tract	VHOG:0000393	respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007), Respiratory systems chapter 11, p.211-212"]
EHDAA:2337	mesothelium	VHOG:0000394	pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:16775	mesothelium	VHOG:0000394	pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18463	mesothelium	VHOG:0000394	pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EV:0100044	pleura	VHOG:0000394	pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
MA:0000433	pleura	VHOG:0000394	pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:2919	anal region	VHOG:0000395	anal region	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16831	anal region	VHOG:0000395	anal region	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0000329	anal region	VHOG:0000395	anal region	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:3755	autonomic	VHOG:0000396	autonomic nervous system	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
EMAPA:16984	autonomic	VHOG:0000396	autonomic nervous system	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
MA:0000219	autonomic nervous system	VHOG:0000396	autonomic nervous system	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
ZFA:0001574	autonomic nervous system	VHOG:0000396	autonomic nervous system	well established	"From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system." [DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F "Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000)"]
EHDAA:5915	gonad primordium	VHOG:0000397	gonad	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17204	gonad primordium	VHOG:0000397	gonad	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17383	gonad primordium	VHOG:0000397	gonad	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17648	gonad	VHOG:0000397	gonad	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
MA:0002420	gonad	VHOG:0000397	gonad	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
XAO:0003146	gonad	VHOG:0000397	gonad	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
ZFA:0000413	gonad	VHOG:0000397	gonad	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
ZFA:0001262	gonad primordium	VHOG:0000397	gonad	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6512	mammary gland	VHOG:0000398	mammary gland	well established	"The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.224"]
EMAPA:17759	mammary gland	VHOG:0000398	mammary gland	well established	"The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.224"]
EV:0100125	mammary gland	VHOG:0000398	mammary gland	well established	"The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.224"]
MA:0000145	mammary gland	VHOG:0000398	mammary gland	well established	"The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.224"]
EHDAA:2881	peripheral nervous system	VHOG:0000399	peripheral nervous system	well established	" (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives." [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 "Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006)"]
EMAPA:16665	peripheral nervous system	VHOG:0000399	peripheral nervous system	well established	" (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives." [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 "Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006)"]
EMAPA:18370	peripheral nervous system	VHOG:0000399	peripheral nervous system	well established	" (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives." [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 "Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006)"]
EV:0100335	peripheral nervous system	VHOG:0000399	peripheral nervous system	well established	" (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives." [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 "Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006)"]
MA:0000218	peripheral nervous system	VHOG:0000399	peripheral nervous system	well established	" (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives." [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 "Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006)"]
XAO:0000178	peripheral nervous system	VHOG:0000399	peripheral nervous system	well established	" (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives." [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 "Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006)"]
ZFA:0000142	peripheral nervous system	VHOG:0000399	peripheral nervous system	well established	" (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives." [DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 "Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006)"]
EHDAA:488	umbilical vein	VHOG:0000400	embryonic umbilical vein	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16243	umbilical vein	VHOG:0000400	embryonic umbilical vein	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:4447	vitelline	VHOG:0000401	embryonic vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EHDAA:494	vitelline vein	VHOG:0000401	embryonic vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EMAPA:16244	vitelline vein	VHOG:0000401	embryonic vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EHDAA:826	nervous system	VHOG:0000402	nervous system	well established	"Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117"]
EMAPA:16469	nervous system	VHOG:0000402	nervous system	well established	"Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117"]
EMAPA:16753	nervous system	VHOG:0000402	nervous system	well established	"Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117"]
EV:0100162	nervous system	VHOG:0000402	nervous system	well established	"Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117"]
MA:0000016	nervous system	VHOG:0000402	nervous system	well established	"Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117"]
XAO:0000177	nervous system	VHOG:0000402	nervous system	well established	"Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117"]
ZFA:0000396	nervous system	VHOG:0000402	nervous system	well established	"Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117"]
EHDAA:6508	integumental system	VHOG:0000403	integumental system	well established	" (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:17524	integumental system	VHOG:0000403	integumental system	well established	" (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EV:0100151	dermal system	VHOG:0000403	integumental system	well established	" (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
MA:0000014	integumental system	VHOG:0000403	integumental system	well established	" (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
XAO:0000176	dermal system	VHOG:0000403	integumental system	well established	" (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EHDAA:7072	upper	VHOG:0000406	upper respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007), Respiratory systems chapter 11, p.211-212"]
EMAPA:17669	upper	VHOG:0000406	upper respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007), Respiratory systems chapter 11, p.211-212"]
MA:0000442	upper respiratory tract	VHOG:0000406	upper respiratory tract	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007), Respiratory systems chapter 11, p.211-212"]
EHDAA:2981	stomach	VHOG:0000408	stomach	well established	"It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x "Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000)"]
EMAPA:17021	stomach	VHOG:0000408	stomach	well established	"It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x "Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000)"]
EMAPA:18889	stomach	VHOG:0000408	stomach	well established	"It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x "Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000)"]
EV:0100070	stomach	VHOG:0000408	stomach	well established	"It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x "Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000)"]
MA:0000353	stomach	VHOG:0000408	stomach	well established	"It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x "Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000)"]
XAO:0000128	stomach	VHOG:0000408	stomach	well established	"It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x "Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000)"]
EHDAA:7609	future dura mater	VHOG:0000409	hindbrain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:8821	future dura mater	VHOG:0000409	hindbrain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17785	dura mater	VHOG:0000409	hindbrain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000989	hindbrain dura mater	VHOG:0000409	hindbrain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:7639	future dura mater	VHOG:0000410	midbrain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:8851	future dura mater	VHOG:0000410	midbrain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17793	dura mater	VHOG:0000410	midbrain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001060	midbrain dura mater	VHOG:0000410	midbrain dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:7687	future dural mater	VHOG:0000411	spinal cord dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17806	dura mater	VHOG:0000411	spinal cord dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001132	spinal cord dura mater	VHOG:0000411	spinal cord dura mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:514	alimentary system	VHOG:0000412	alimentary system	well established	"All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3"]
EMAPA:16246	alimentary system	VHOG:0000412	alimentary system	well established	"All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3"]
EV:0100056	alimentary system	VHOG:0000412	alimentary system	well established	"All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3"]
MA:0002431	digestive system	VHOG:0000412	alimentary system	well established	"All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3"]
XAO:0000125	alimentary system	VHOG:0000412	alimentary system	well established	"All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3"]
ZFA:0000339	digestive system	VHOG:0000412	alimentary system	well established	"All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3"]
EHDAA:3019	mesentery	VHOG:0000413	midgut mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16721	mesentery	VHOG:0000413	midgut mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:5017	urogenital sinus	VHOG:0000414	urogenital sinus	well established	"In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970)p.388-89 and Figure 300"]
EHDAA:5907	urogenital sinus	VHOG:0000414	urogenital sinus	well established	"In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970)p.388-89 and Figure 300"]
EMAPA:17211	urogenital sinus	VHOG:0000414	urogenital sinus	well established	"In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970)p.388-89 and Figure 300"]
EMAPA:17379	urogenital sinus	VHOG:0000414	urogenital sinus	well established	"In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970)p.388-89 and Figure 300"]
EHDAA:2931	mesentery	VHOG:0000415	oesophagus mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16836	mesentery	VHOG:0000415	oesophagus mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:18864	mesentery	VHOG:0000415	oesophagus mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0001569	esophagus mesentery	VHOG:0000415	oesophagus mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:3943	mesentery	VHOG:0000416	midgut loop mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:17039	mesentery	VHOG:0000416	midgut loop mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:2136	thyroid	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:2963	thyroid	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:952	thyroid primordium	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16361	thyroid primordium	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16558	thyroid primordium	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:17068	thyroid	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:18827	thyroid	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EV:0100133	thyroid	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
MA:0000129	thyroid gland	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
XAO:0000162	thyroid	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
XAO:0000444	thyroid primordium	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0001072	thyroid follicle	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0001081	thyroid primordium	VHOG:0000418	thyroid	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:2939	future tongue	VHOG:0000419	tongue	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EHDAA:9132	tongue	VHOG:0000419	tongue	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EMAPA:17185	tongue	VHOG:0000419	tongue	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EMAPA:18870	tongue	VHOG:0000419	tongue	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EV:0100058	tongue	VHOG:0000419	tongue	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
MA:0000347	tongue	VHOG:0000419	tongue	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
XAO:0000446	tongue	VHOG:0000419	tongue	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EHDAA:4848	pyloric region	VHOG:0000420	pyloric region	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:17631	pyloric region	VHOG:0000420	pyloric region	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:18915	pyloric region	VHOG:0000420	pyloric region	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0002560	stomach pyloric region	VHOG:0000420	pyloric region	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:4832	fundus	VHOG:0000421	stomach fundus	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:17886	fundus	VHOG:0000421	stomach fundus	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:18890	fundus	VHOG:0000421	stomach fundus	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0001612	stomach fundus	VHOG:0000421	stomach fundus	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:3826	mesentery	VHOG:0000423	mesentery of rostral part of duodenum	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:17182	mesentery	VHOG:0000423	mesentery of rostral part of duodenum	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:3933	mesentery	VHOG:0000424	mesentery of caudal part of duodenum	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:17197	mesentery	VHOG:0000424	mesentery of caudal part of duodenum	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:6950	premaxilla	VHOG:0000426	premaxilla	well established	" (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 "O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924)", ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105"]
EHDAA:8021	premaxilla	VHOG:0000426	premaxilla	well established	" (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 "O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924)", ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105"]
EMAPA:17641	premaxilla	VHOG:0000426	premaxilla	well established	" (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 "O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924)", ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105"]
EMAPA:17933	premaxilla	VHOG:0000426	premaxilla	well established	" (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 "O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924)", ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105"]
EMAPA:19033	premaxilla	VHOG:0000426	premaxilla	well established	" (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 "O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924)", ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105"]
MA:0001493	premaxilla	VHOG:0000426	premaxilla	well established	" (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 "O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924)", ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105"]
ZFA:0000567	premaxilla	VHOG:0000426	premaxilla	well established	"Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 1); (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105"; DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 "O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924)"]
EHDAA:7993	skeleton	VHOG:0000428	lower jaw skeleton	well established	"The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101"]
EMAPA:17910	skeleton	VHOG:0000428	lower jaw skeleton	well established	"The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101"]
EHDAA:8029	skeleton	VHOG:0000429	upper jaw skeleton	well established	"The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101"]
EMAPA:17927	skeleton	VHOG:0000429	upper jaw skeleton	well established	"The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101"]
EHDAA:3005	mesentery	VHOG:0000430	foregut-midgut junction mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16365	mesentery	VHOG:0000430	foregut-midgut junction mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:6477	sinus	VHOG:0000431	hindbrain sinus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18633	sinus	VHOG:0000431	hindbrain sinus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:434	dorsal mesocardium	VHOG:0000432	dorsal mesocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16213	dorsal mesocardium	VHOG:0000432	dorsal mesocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000482	dorsal mesocardium	VHOG:0000432	dorsal mesocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EV:0100083	mesentery	VHOG:0000433	alimentary system mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
XAO:0000138	mesentery	VHOG:0000433	alimentary system mesentery	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:1900	ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EHDAA:472	primitive ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EHDAA:806	primitive ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EMAPA:16233	primitive ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EMAPA:16350	primitive ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EMAPA:17331	ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EV:0100020	heart ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
MA:0000091	heart ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
ZFA:0000009	cardiac ventricle	VHOG:0000435	heart ventricle	well established	"In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)" [ISBN:978-0721676678 "Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428"]
EHDAA:440	caudal half	VHOG:0000436	bulbus cordis caudal half	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003)"]
EHDAA:770	caudal half	VHOG:0000436	bulbus cordis caudal half	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003)"]
EMAPA:16217	caudal half	VHOG:0000436	bulbus cordis caudal half	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003)"]
EMAPA:16334	caudal half	VHOG:0000436	bulbus cordis caudal half	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003)"]
EHDAA:448	rostral half	VHOG:0000437	bulbus cordis rostral half	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003)"]
EHDAA:778	rostral half	VHOG:0000437	bulbus cordis rostral half	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003)"]
EMAPA:16221	rostral half	VHOG:0000437	bulbus cordis rostral half	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003)"]
EMAPA:16338	rostral half	VHOG:0000437	bulbus cordis rostral half	well established	"The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003)"]
EHDAA:346	neural plate	VHOG:0000439	spinal cord neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:902	neural plate	VHOG:0000439	spinal cord neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16095	neural plate	VHOG:0000439	spinal cord neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16527	neural plate	VHOG:0000439	spinal cord neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16756	neural plate	VHOG:0000439	spinal cord neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0007021	spinal cord neural plate	VHOG:0000439	spinal cord neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:2319	mesothelium	VHOG:0000440	greater sac mesothelium	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:16887	mesothelium	VHOG:0000440	greater sac mesothelium	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18455	mesothelium	VHOG:0000440	greater sac mesothelium	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:2327	mesothelium	VHOG:0000441	omental bursa mesothelium	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:16890	mesothelium	VHOG:0000441	omental bursa mesothelium	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18459	mesothelium	VHOG:0000441	omental bursa mesothelium	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:2085	meninges	VHOG:0000443	spinal cord meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:2853	meninges	VHOG:0000443	spinal cord meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17804	meninges	VHOG:0000443	spinal cord meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001130	spinal cord meninges	VHOG:0000443	spinal cord meninges	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:4733	lens fibres	VHOG:0000444	lens fibres	well established	" (...) the line, or Y, or star sutures common to mammalian lenses, including those of primates. In the case of line or Y sutures, the overlapping of lens fibers in each successive shell is coincident and results in the formation of four or six three-dimensional suture planes that extend from the lens nucleus to the periphery." [DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-0466 "Sivak JG, Through the lens clearly: phylogeny and development, The Proctor lecture. Investigative ophthalmology and visual science (2004)"]
EHDAA:9053	lens fibres	VHOG:0000444	lens fibres	well established	" (...) the line, or Y, or star sutures common to mammalian lenses, including those of primates. In the case of line or Y sutures, the overlapping of lens fibers in each successive shell is coincident and results in the formation of four or six three-dimensional suture planes that extend from the lens nucleus to the periphery." [DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-0466 "Sivak JG, Through the lens clearly: phylogeny and development, The Proctor lecture. Investigative ophthalmology and visual science (2004)"]
EMAPA:17841	lens fibres	VHOG:0000444	lens fibres	well established	" (...) the line, or Y, or star sutures common to mammalian lenses, including those of primates. In the case of line or Y sutures, the overlapping of lens fibers in each successive shell is coincident and results in the formation of four or six three-dimensional suture planes that extend from the lens nucleus to the periphery." [DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-0466 "Sivak JG, Through the lens clearly: phylogeny and development, The Proctor lecture. Investigative ophthalmology and visual science (2004)"]
MA:0001304	lens fiber	VHOG:0000444	lens fibres	well established	" (...) the line, or Y, or star sutures common to mammalian lenses, including those of primates. In the case of line or Y sutures, the overlapping of lens fibers in each successive shell is coincident and results in the formation of four or six three-dimensional suture planes that extend from the lens nucleus to the periphery." [DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-0466 "Sivak JG, Through the lens clearly: phylogeny and development, The Proctor lecture. Investigative ophthalmology and visual science (2004)"]
EV:0100068	hypopharynx	VHOG:0000445	hypopharynx	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.596 and Figure 18-21"]
MA:0001796	hypopharynx	VHOG:0000445	hypopharynx	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.596 and Figure 18-21"]
EHDAA:640	mesothelium	VHOG:0000447	pericardio-peritoneal canal mesothelium	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164 and Figure 4-32"]
EMAPA:16284	mesothelium	VHOG:0000447	pericardio-peritoneal canal mesothelium	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164 and Figure 4-32"]
EHDAA:9172	head	VHOG:0000448	pancreas head	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:17507	head	VHOG:0000448	pancreas head	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:18820	head	VHOG:0000448	pancreas head	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
MA:0000122	pancreas head	VHOG:0000448	pancreas head	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EHDAA:2941	lingual swelling	VHOG:0000449	lingual swelling	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EMAPA:17186	lingual swelling	VHOG:0000449	lingual swelling	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EHDAA:2925	oesophagus	VHOG:0000450	oesophagus	well established	"The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx." [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)"]
EMAPA:16833	oesophagus	VHOG:0000450	oesophagus	well established	"The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx." [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)"]
EMAPA:18860	oesophagus	VHOG:0000450	oesophagus	well established	"The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx." [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)"]
EV:0100069	esophagus	VHOG:0000450	oesophagus	well established	"The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx." [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)"]
MA:0000352	esophagus	VHOG:0000450	oesophagus	well established	"The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx." [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)"]
XAO:0000127	esophagus	VHOG:0000450	oesophagus	well established	"The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx." [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)"]
ZFA:0000204	esophagus	VHOG:0000450	oesophagus	well established	"The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx." [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)"]
EHDAA:9166	body	VHOG:0000451	pancreas body	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:17504	body	VHOG:0000451	pancreas body	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:18817	body	VHOG:0000451	pancreas body	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
MA:0000121	pancreas body	VHOG:0000451	pancreas body	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EHDAA:9186	tail	VHOG:0000452	pancreas tail	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:17511	tail	VHOG:0000452	pancreas tail	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EMAPA:18824	tail	VHOG:0000452	pancreas tail	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
MA:0000123	pancreas tail	VHOG:0000452	pancreas tail	well established	"Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ." [DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 "Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007)"]
EHDAA:7983	lower jaw	VHOG:0000453	lower jaw	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:17906	lower jaw	VHOG:0000453	lower jaw	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
MA:0001906	lower jaw	VHOG:0000453	lower jaw	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
XAO:0003084	lower jaw	VHOG:0000453	lower jaw	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:8013	upper jaw	VHOG:0000454	upper jaw	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:17924	upper jaw	VHOG:0000454	upper jaw	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
MA:0001908	upper jaw	VHOG:0000454	upper jaw	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
XAO:0003087	upper jaw	VHOG:0000454	upper jaw	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:1330	lateral wall	VHOG:0000455	lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1945	lateral wall	VHOG:0000455	lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2665	lateral wall	VHOG:0000455	lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3688	lateral wall	VHOG:0000455	lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16474	lateral wall	VHOG:0000455	lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16976	lateral wall	VHOG:0000455	lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000906	lateral wall midbrain region	VHOG:0000455	lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2727	future myelencephalon	VHOG:0000456	myelencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:3562	future myelencephalon	VHOG:0000456	myelencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:5514	myelencephalon	VHOG:0000456	myelencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:17082	myelencephalon	VHOG:0000456	myelencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
MA:0000205	myelencephalon	VHOG:0000456	myelencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EV:0100067	oropharynx	VHOG:0000457	oropharynx	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
MA:0000351	oropharynx	VHOG:0000457	oropharynx	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EHDAA:2323	omental bursa	VHOG:0000458	omental bursa	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:16889	omental bursa	VHOG:0000458	omental bursa	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18458	omental bursa	VHOG:0000458	omental bursa	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
MA:0000445	omental bursa	VHOG:0000458	omental bursa	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:975	hindgut	VHOG:0000459	hindgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16251	hindgut diverticulum	VHOG:0000459	hindgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:16715	hindgut	VHOG:0000459	hindgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0001527	hindgut	VHOG:0000459	hindgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
XAO:0000104	hindgut	VHOG:0000459	hindgut	well established	"The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203", ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EHDAA:8965	pinna	VHOG:0000460	pinna	well established	"Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420"]
EMAPA:17589	pinna	VHOG:0000460	pinna	well established	"Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420"]
EV:0100355	auricle	VHOG:0000460	pinna	well established	"Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420"]
MA:0000259	auricle	VHOG:0000460	pinna	well established	"Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420"]
EHDAA:5685	ossicle	VHOG:0000461	auditory ossicle	well established	"Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.695"]
EMAPA:17824	ossicle	VHOG:0000461	auditory ossicle	well established	"Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.695"]
EV:0100360	auditory ossicle	VHOG:0000461	auditory ossicle	well established	"Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.695"]
MA:0000254	auditory bone	VHOG:0000461	auditory ossicle	well established	"Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.695"]
EHDAA:2935	pharynx	VHOG:0000462	pharynx	well established	" (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EMAPA:16706	pharynx	VHOG:0000462	pharynx	well established	" (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EMAPA:18838	pharynx	VHOG:0000462	pharynx	well established	" (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EV:0100065	pharynx	VHOG:0000462	pharynx	well established	" (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
MA:0000432	pharynx	VHOG:0000462	pharynx	well established	" (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
ZFA:0000056	pharynx	VHOG:0000462	pharynx	well established	" (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EHDAA:25	first polar body	VHOG:0000464	first polar body	well established	"There are a number of characters that occur only among metazoans and therefore evolved in their common ancestor. Such characters are : (...) an oogenesis during which one oocyte and three polar bodies are formed." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.6"]
EHDAA:52	first polar body	VHOG:0000464	first polar body	well established	"There are a number of characters that occur only among metazoans and therefore evolved in their common ancestor. Such characters are : (...) an oogenesis during which one oocyte and three polar bodies are formed." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.6"]
EMAPA:16032	first polar body	VHOG:0000464	first polar body	well established	"There are a number of characters that occur only among metazoans and therefore evolved in their common ancestor. Such characters are : (...) an oogenesis during which one oocyte and three polar bodies are formed." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.6"]
EHDAA:29	second polar body	VHOG:0000465	second polar body	well established	"There are a number of characters that occur only among metazoans and therefore evolved in their common ancestor. Such characters are : (...) an oogenesis during which one oocyte and three polar bodies are formed." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.6"]
EHDAA:54	second polar body	VHOG:0000465	second polar body	well established	"There are a number of characters that occur only among metazoans and therefore evolved in their common ancestor. Such characters are : (...) an oogenesis during which one oocyte and three polar bodies are formed." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.6"]
EMAPA:16034	second polar body	VHOG:0000465	second polar body	well established	"There are a number of characters that occur only among metazoans and therefore evolved in their common ancestor. Such characters are : (...) an oogenesis during which one oocyte and three polar bodies are formed." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.6"]
EMAPA:16045	second polar body	VHOG:0000465	second polar body	well established	"There are a number of characters that occur only among metazoans and therefore evolved in their common ancestor. Such characters are : (...) an oogenesis during which one oocyte and three polar bodies are formed." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.6"]
EHDAA:1367	pia mater	VHOG:0000466	hindbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:1989	pia mater	VHOG:0000466	hindbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:2821	pia mater	VHOG:0000466	hindbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:3680	pia mater	VHOG:0000466	hindbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17786	pia mater	VHOG:0000466	hindbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000990	hindbrain pia mater	VHOG:0000466	hindbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:1949	pia mater	VHOG:0000467	midbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:2673	pia mater	VHOG:0000467	midbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:3698	pia mater	VHOG:0000467	midbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17794	pia mater	VHOG:0000467	midbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001061	midbrain pia mater	VHOG:0000467	midbrain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:2087	pia mater	VHOG:0000468	spinal cord pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:2855	pia mater	VHOG:0000468	spinal cord pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17807	pia mater	VHOG:0000468	spinal cord pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001133	spinal cord pia mater	VHOG:0000468	spinal cord pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EV:0100315	pia mater	VHOG:0000470	brain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0001116	pia mater	VHOG:0000470	brain pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:5454	mantle layer	VHOG:0000472	mantle layer cerebral cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17545	mantle layer	VHOG:0000472	mantle layer cerebral cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5456	marginal layer	VHOG:0000473	marginal layer cerebral cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17546	marginal layer	VHOG:0000473	marginal layer cerebral cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5458	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000474	ventricular layer cerebral cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17547	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000474	ventricular layer cerebral cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:6554	pia mater	VHOG:0000475	diencephalon pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17767	pia mater	VHOG:0000475	diencephalon pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000829	diencephalon pia mater	VHOG:0000475	diencephalon pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:6571	pia mater	VHOG:0000476	telencephalon pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EMAPA:17777	pia mater	VHOG:0000476	telencephalon pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
MA:0000982	telencephalon pia mater	VHOG:0000476	telencephalon pia mater	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:7775	epithelium	VHOG:0000478	crus commune epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17820	epithelium	VHOG:0000478	crus commune epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:7782	epithelium	VHOG:0000480	lateral semicircular canal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17823	epithelium	VHOG:0000480	lateral semicircular canal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4983	hilus	VHOG:0000482	right lung hilus	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:8217	hilus	VHOG:0000482	right lung hilus	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:17996	hilus	VHOG:0000482	right lung hilus	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
MA:0001790	right lung hilus	VHOG:0000482	right lung hilus	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:4953	hilus	VHOG:0000483	left lung hilus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EHDAA:8179	hilus	VHOG:0000483	left lung hilus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EMAPA:17980	hilus	VHOG:0000483	left lung hilus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
MA:0001781	left lung hilus	VHOG:0000483	left lung hilus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EHDAA:404	left	VHOG:0000484	left dorsal aorta	well established	"A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body." [ISBN:978-0174480198 "Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572"]
EMAPA:16205	left	VHOG:0000484	left dorsal aorta	well established	"A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body." [ISBN:978-0174480198 "Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572"]
MA:0000478	left dorsal aorta	VHOG:0000484	left dorsal aorta	well established	"A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body." [ISBN:978-0174480198 "Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572"]
EHDAA:406	right	VHOG:0000485	right dorsal aorta	well established	"A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body." [ISBN:978-0174480198 "Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572"]
EMAPA:16206	right	VHOG:0000485	right dorsal aorta	well established	"A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body." [ISBN:978-0174480198 "Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572"]
MA:0000479	right dorsal aorta	VHOG:0000485	right dorsal aorta	well established	"A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body." [ISBN:978-0174480198 "Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572"]
EHDAA:482	left horn	VHOG:0000488	sinus venosus left horn	uncertain	"Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:16238	left horn	VHOG:0000488	sinus venosus left horn	uncertain	"Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EHDAA:484	right horn	VHOG:0000489	sinus venosus right horn	uncertain	"Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003"]
EMAPA:16239	right horn	VHOG:0000489	sinus venosus right horn	uncertain	"Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003"]
EHDAA:2902	inner layer	VHOG:0000490	optic cup inner layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:16675	inner layer	VHOG:0000490	optic cup inner layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:2906	outer layer	VHOG:0000492	optic cup outer layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:16677	outer layer	VHOG:0000492	optic cup outer layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:1044	right	VHOG:0000494	extraembryonic right vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EMAPA:16381	right	VHOG:0000494	extraembryonic right vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EHDAA:1042	left	VHOG:0000495	extraembryonic left vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EMAPA:16380	left	VHOG:0000495	extraembryonic left vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EHDAA:496	left	VHOG:0000496	embryonic left vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EMAPA:16698	left	VHOG:0000496	embryonic left vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EHDAA:498	right	VHOG:0000497	embryonic right vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EMAPA:16699	right	VHOG:0000497	embryonic right vitelline vein	well established	"Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460"]
EHDAA:1583	associated mesenchyme	VHOG:0000498	mesonephros associated mesenchyme	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.540-543"]
EHDAA:5893	associated mesenchyme	VHOG:0000498	mesonephros associated mesenchyme	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.540-543"]
EMAPA:16745	associated mesenchyme	VHOG:0000498	mesonephros associated mesenchyme	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.540-543"]
EMAPA:17370	associated mesenchyme	VHOG:0000498	mesonephros associated mesenchyme	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.540-543"]
EHDAA:1585	non-tubular part	VHOG:0000499	mesonephros non-tubular part	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.540-543"]
EHDAA:5895	non-tubular part	VHOG:0000499	mesonephros non-tubular part	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.540-543"]
EMAPA:16746	non-tubular part	VHOG:0000499	mesonephros non-tubular part	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.540-543"]
EMAPA:17371	non-tubular part	VHOG:0000499	mesonephros non-tubular part	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.540-543"]
EHDAA:1587	tubule	VHOG:0000500	mesonephric tubule	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EHDAA:5897	tubule	VHOG:0000500	mesonephric tubule	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EMAPA:16747	tubule	VHOG:0000500	mesonephric tubule	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EMAPA:17372	tubule	VHOG:0000500	mesonephric tubule	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
XAO:0000148	mesonephric tubule	VHOG:0000500	mesonephric tubule	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
ZFA:0001287	renal tubule	VHOG:0000500	mesonephric tubule	well established	"As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EHDAA:4762	nasal epithelium	VHOG:0000501	nasal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6791	epithelium	VHOG:0000501	nasal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16801	nasal epithelium	VHOG:0000501	nasal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17605	epithelium	VHOG:0000501	nasal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
MA:0001324	nasal cavity epithelium	VHOG:0000501	nasal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4706	cochlear duct	VHOG:0000507	cochlear duct	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) In most groups of gnathostomes, the caudoventral evagination of the sacculus forms a small lagena, and in some diapsids and mammals the lagena develops into a longer duct. The lagena becomes greatly elongated in therians and coils to form the cochlear duct." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EMAPA:17598	cochlear duct	VHOG:0000507	cochlear duct	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) In most groups of gnathostomes, the caudoventral evagination of the sacculus forms a small lagena, and in some diapsids and mammals the lagena develops into a longer duct. The lagena becomes greatly elongated in therians and coils to form the cochlear duct." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
MA:0000243	cochlear duct	VHOG:0000507	cochlear duct	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) In most groups of gnathostomes, the caudoventral evagination of the sacculus forms a small lagena, and in some diapsids and mammals the lagena develops into a longer duct. The lagena becomes greatly elongated in therians and coils to form the cochlear duct." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
ZFA:0000374	lagena	VHOG:0000507	cochlear duct	well established	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) In most groups of gnathostomes, the caudoventral evagination of the sacculus forms a small lagena, and in some diapsids and mammals the lagena develops into a longer duct. The lagena becomes greatly elongated in therians and coils to form the cochlear duct." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414"]
EHDAA:6978	caudate lobe	VHOG:0000508	liver caudate lobe	well established	"The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals (...) ." [PMID:1610084 "Van Minh T, Galizia G, Lieto E, Anatomy of the caudate lobe of the liver. New aspects and surgical applications. (Article in French) Annales de chirurgie (1992)"]
EMAPA:18313	caudate lobe	VHOG:0000508	liver caudate lobe	well established	"The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals (...) ." [PMID:1610084 "Van Minh T, Galizia G, Lieto E, Anatomy of the caudate lobe of the liver. New aspects and surgical applications. (Article in French) Annales de chirurgie (1992)"]
MA:0000364	liver caudate lobe	VHOG:0000508	liver caudate lobe	well established	"The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals (...) ." [PMID:1610084 "Van Minh T, Galizia G, Lieto E, Anatomy of the caudate lobe of the liver. New aspects and surgical applications. (Article in French) Annales de chirurgie (1992)"]
EHDAA:8070	quadrate lobe	VHOG:0000509	liver quadrate lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EMAPA:18318	quadrate lobe	VHOG:0000509	liver quadrate lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
MA:0000365	liver quadrate lobe	VHOG:0000509	liver quadrate lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EHDAA:583	mandibular component	VHOG:0000510	ventral pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:5859	mandibular process	VHOG:0000510	ventral pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16382	mandibular component	VHOG:0000510	ventral pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:17355	mandibular process	VHOG:0000510	ventral pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
ZFA:0001273	ventral mandibular arch	VHOG:0000510	ventral pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:5865	maxillary process	VHOG:0000511	dorsal pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:595	maxillary component	VHOG:0000511	dorsal pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16388	maxillary component	VHOG:0000511	dorsal pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:17359	maxillary process	VHOG:0000511	dorsal pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
ZFA:0001272	palatoquadrate arch	VHOG:0000511	dorsal pharyngeal arch 1	well established	"Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:2861	lateral wall	VHOG:0000513	lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2863	lateral wall	VHOG:0000513	lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:912	lateral wall	VHOG:0000513	lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16166	lateral wall	VHOG:0000513	lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16532	lateral wall	VHOG:0000513	lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17579	lateral wall	VHOG:0000513	lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000996	lateral wall spinal cord	VHOG:0000513	lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4652	thoracic	VHOG:0000515	thoracic sympathetic ganglion	inferred	[ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.462-463"]
EMAPA:17158	thoracic	VHOG:0000515	thoracic sympathetic ganglion	inferred	[ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.462-463"]
MA:0001159	thoracic ganglion	VHOG:0000515	thoracic sympathetic ganglion	inferred	[ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.462-463"]
EHDAA:490	left	VHOG:0000516	embryonic left umbilical vein	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.608 and Figure 19-5"]
EMAPA:16358	left	VHOG:0000516	embryonic left umbilical vein	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.608 and Figure 19-5"]
EHDAA:492	right	VHOG:0000517	embryonic right umbilical vein	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.608 and Figure 19-5"]
EMAPA:16359	right	VHOG:0000517	embryonic right umbilical vein	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.608 and Figure 19-5"]
EHDAA:412	left	VHOG:0000522	embryonic left umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16544	left	VHOG:0000522	embryonic left umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:414	right	VHOG:0000523	embryonic right umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16545	right	VHOG:0000523	embryonic right umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:209	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EHDAA:4022	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EHDAA:5002	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EHDAA:5921	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EHDAA:734	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EHDAA:981	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:16116	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:16190	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:16254	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:16578	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:16859	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:17206	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:17386	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:17651	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
XAO:0003149	primordial germ cell	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
ZFA:0009288	primordial germ cell	VHOG:0000527	primordial germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EHDAA:2317	cavity	VHOG:0000528	greater sac cavity	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:16886	cavity	VHOG:0000528	greater sac cavity	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18454	cavity	VHOG:0000528	greater sac cavity	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:4729	cavity	VHOG:0000531	lens vesicle cavity	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:17164	cavity	VHOG:0000531	lens vesicle cavity	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:4731	epithelium	VHOG:0000532	lens vesicle epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17165	epithelium	VHOG:0000532	lens vesicle epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:2904	intraretinal space	VHOG:0000534	intraretinal space	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:4749	intraretinal space	VHOG:0000534	intraretinal space	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:16676	intraretinal space	VHOG:0000534	intraretinal space	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:17170	intraretinal space	VHOG:0000534	intraretinal space	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:4751	neural retinal epithelium	VHOG:0000535	neural retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:17171	neural retinal epithelium	VHOG:0000535	neural retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:18590	neural retina	VHOG:0000535	neural retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0000277	neural retinal epithelium	VHOG:0000535	neural retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
XAO:0000266	retinal layer	VHOG:0000535	neural retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000046	retinal neural layer	VHOG:0000535	neural retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:4753	pigmented retinal epithelium	VHOG:0000536	pigmented retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:17172	pigmented retinal epithelium	VHOG:0000536	pigmented retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0000279	pigmented retinal epithelium	VHOG:0000536	pigmented retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
XAO:0000261	pigment layer	VHOG:0000536	pigmented retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000064	presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium	VHOG:0000536	pigmented retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000144	retinal pigmented epithelium	VHOG:0000536	pigmented retinal epithelium	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:2305	parietal	VHOG:0000537	parietal pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:3410	parietal pericardium	VHOG:0000537	parietal pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:5366	parietal pericardium	VHOG:0000537	parietal pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16588	parietal	VHOG:0000537	parietal pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:17175	parietal pericardium	VHOG:0000537	parietal pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:18450	parietal	VHOG:0000537	parietal pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:19031	parietal	VHOG:0000537	parietal pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000483	parietal serous pericardium	VHOG:0000537	parietal pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:3412	visceral pericardium	VHOG:0000538	visceral pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:5368	visceral pericardium	VHOG:0000538	visceral pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:17176	visceral pericardium	VHOG:0000538	visceral pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:18451	visceral	VHOG:0000538	visceral pericardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:2189	parenchyma	VHOG:0000539	liver parenchyma	well established	"the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit." [DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EMAPA:16848	parenchyma	VHOG:0000539	liver parenchyma	well established	"the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit." [DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EMAPA:17203	parenchyma	VHOG:0000539	liver parenchyma	well established	"the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit." [DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
MA:0000366	liver parenchyma	VHOG:0000539	liver parenchyma	well established	"the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit." [DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
XAO:0000454	liver parenchyme	VHOG:0000539	liver parenchyma	well established	"the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit." [DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EHDAA:4029	metanephric mesenchyme	VHOG:0000540	metanephric mesenchyme	well established	"When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.462"]
EHDAA:5009	metanephrogenic mesenchyme	VHOG:0000540	metanephric mesenchyme	well established	"When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.462"]
EHDAA:5903	metanephric mesenchyme	VHOG:0000540	metanephric mesenchyme	well established	"When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.462"]
EMAPA:17208	metanephric mesenchyme	VHOG:0000540	metanephric mesenchyme	well established	"When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.462"]
EMAPA:17375	metanephric mesenchyme	VHOG:0000540	metanephric mesenchyme	well established	"When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.462"]
EHDAA:3079	ureteric bud	VHOG:0000541	ureteric bud	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EHDAA:5905	ureteric bud	VHOG:0000541	ureteric bud	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EMAPA:17209	ureteric bud	VHOG:0000541	ureteric bud	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EMAPA:17376	ureteric bud	VHOG:0000541	ureteric bud	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EHDAA:6776	optic nerve	VHOG:0000543	optic II nerve	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk]
EHDAA:7670	optic II	VHOG:0000543	optic II nerve	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk]
EMAPA:17575	optic II	VHOG:0000543	optic II nerve	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk]
EMAPA:17846	optic nerve	VHOG:0000543	optic II nerve	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk]
EV:0100351	optic nerve	VHOG:0000543	optic II nerve	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk]
MA:0001097	optic II nerve	VHOG:0000543	optic II nerve	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk]
XAO:0000188	cranial nerve II	VHOG:0000543	optic II nerve	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk]
ZFA:0000435	cranial nerve II	VHOG:0000543	optic II nerve	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk]
EHDAA:9073	external	VHOG:0000544	external naris	well established	"In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.257 and Figure 7.27"]
EMAPA:17848	external	VHOG:0000544	external naris	well established	"In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.257 and Figure 7.27"]
EMAPA:18594	anterior	VHOG:0000544	external naris	well established	"In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.257 and Figure 7.27"]
MA:0001320	external naris	VHOG:0000544	external naris	well established	"In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.257 and Figure 7.27"]
XAO:0003033	nostril	VHOG:0000544	external naris	well established	"In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.257 and Figure 7.27"]
ZFA:0001427	anterior naris	VHOG:0000544	external naris	well established	"In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.257 and Figure 7.27"]
EHDAA:7830	choana	VHOG:0000545	choana	well established	"The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
EHDAA:9075	primary choana	VHOG:0000545	choana	well established	"The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
EMAPA:17849	posterior	VHOG:0000545	choana	well established	"The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
EMAPA:17851	primary choana	VHOG:0000545	choana	well established	"The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
MA:0001322	primary choana	VHOG:0000545	choana	well established	"The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
MA:0001323	internal naris	VHOG:0000545	choana	well established	"The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
XAO:0000277	choana	VHOG:0000545	choana	well established	"The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
EHDAA:6672	conus medullaris	VHOG:0000546	conus medullaris	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18219	conus medullaris	VHOG:0000546	conus medullaris	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:6674	filum terminale	VHOG:0000547	filum terminale	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18220	filum terminale	VHOG:0000547	filum terminale	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:10184	aqueous humour	VHOG:0000548	aqueous humour	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
EMAPA:18232	aqueous humour	VHOG:0000548	aqueous humour	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
MA:0001236	aqueous humour	VHOG:0000548	aqueous humour	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
EHDAA:2911	skeletal muscle	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
EHDAA:2913	extrinsic ocular pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
EHDAA:5717	extrinsic ocular muscle	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
EMAPA:17844	skeletal muscle	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
EMAPA:17845	extrinsic ocular pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
EMAPA:18234	extrinsic ocular muscle	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
MA:0001271	extraocular skeletal muscle	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
MA:0002432	oculomotor muscle	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
ZFA:0000511	extraocular musculature	VHOG:0000549	extraocular skeletal muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
EHDAA:4727	capsule	VHOG:0000550	lens capsule	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
EHDAA:9049	capsule	VHOG:0000550	lens capsule	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
EMAPA:18237	capsule	VHOG:0000550	lens capsule	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
MA:0001300	lens capsule	VHOG:0000550	lens capsule	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
EHDAA:9065	optic disc	VHOG:0000551	optic disc	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
EMAPA:18238	optic disc	VHOG:0000551	optic disc	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
MA:0000278	optic disc	VHOG:0000551	optic disc	well established	" (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24"]
EHDAA:577	ectoderm	VHOG:0000554	1st pharyngeal groove ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16120	ectoderm	VHOG:0000554	1st pharyngeal groove ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:581	endoderm	VHOG:0000555	1st pharyngeal pouch endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16125	endoderm	VHOG:0000555	1st pharyngeal pouch endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:293	cavity	VHOG:0000556	pericardial cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:16132	cavity	VHOG:0000556	pericardial cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:18447	pericardial cavity	VHOG:0000556	pericardial cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:18448	cavity	VHOG:0000556	pericardial cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
MA:0000053	pericardial cavity	VHOG:0000556	pericardial cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
ZFA:0001655	pericardial cavity	VHOG:0000556	pericardial cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EHDAA:381	somatopleure	VHOG:0000557	somatopleure	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.140-142 and Figure 4-16"]
EMAPA:16180	somatopleure	VHOG:0000557	somatopleure	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.140-142 and Figure 4-16"]
EHDAA:383	splanchnopleure	VHOG:0000558	splanchnopleure	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.140-142 and Figure 4-16"]
EMAPA:16181	splanchnopleure	VHOG:0000558	splanchnopleure	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.140-142 and Figure 4-16"]
EHDAA:374	unsegmented mesenchyme	VHOG:0000559	presomitic mesoderm	well established	"It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 "Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001)"]
EHDAA:389	unsegmented mesenchyme	VHOG:0000559	presomitic mesoderm	well established	"It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 "Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001)"]
EMAPA:16189	unsegmented mesenchyme	VHOG:0000559	presomitic mesoderm	well established	"It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 "Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001)"]
EMAPA:16752	unsegmented mesenchyme	VHOG:0000559	presomitic mesoderm	well established	"It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 "Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001)"]
XAO:0000057	presomitic mesoderm	VHOG:0000559	presomitic mesoderm	well established	"It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 "Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001)"]
ZFA:0000053	presumptive segmental plate	VHOG:0000559	presomitic mesoderm	well established	"It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 "Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001)"]
ZFA:0000279	segmental plate	VHOG:0000559	presomitic mesoderm	well established	"It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 "Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001)"]
EHDAA:1638	endoderm	VHOG:0000560	2nd pharyngeal membrane endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16274	endoderm	VHOG:0000560	2nd pharyngeal membrane endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:619	endoderm	VHOG:0000561	2nd pharyngeal pouch endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16276	endoderm	VHOG:0000561	2nd pharyngeal pouch endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:629	mesenchyme derived from neural crest	VHOG:0000563	2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16281	mesenchyme derived from neural crest	VHOG:0000563	2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:638	cavity	VHOG:0000564	cavity of the pericardio-peritoneal canal	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164 and Figure 4-32"]
EMAPA:16283	cavity	VHOG:0000564	cavity of the pericardio-peritoneal canal	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164 and Figure 4-32"]
EHDAA:738	hepatic component	VHOG:0000565	septum transversum hepatic component	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:16319	hepatic component	VHOG:0000565	septum transversum hepatic component	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EHDAA:740	non-hepatic component	VHOG:0000566	septum transversum non-hepatic component	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:16320	non-hepatic component	VHOG:0000566	septum transversum non-hepatic component	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EHDAA:615	ectoderm	VHOG:0000568	2nd pharyngeal groove ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16397	ectoderm	VHOG:0000568	2nd pharyngeal groove ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1636	ectoderm	VHOG:0000569	2nd pharyngeal membrane ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16398	ectoderm	VHOG:0000569	2nd pharyngeal membrane ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1098	mesenchyme derived from neural crest	VHOG:0000571	3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16404	mesenchyme derived from neural crest	VHOG:0000571	3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:1084	ectoderm	VHOG:0000572	3rd pharyngeal groove ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16582	ectoderm	VHOG:0000572	3rd pharyngeal groove ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1652	ectoderm	VHOG:0000573	3rd pharyngeal membrane ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16584	ectoderm	VHOG:0000573	3rd pharyngeal membrane ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1654	endoderm	VHOG:0000574	3rd pharyngeal membrane endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16585	endoderm	VHOG:0000574	3rd pharyngeal membrane endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1667	ectoderm	VHOG:0000577	4th pharyngeal groove ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16762	ectoderm	VHOG:0000577	4th pharyngeal groove ectoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1671	endoderm	VHOG:0000578	4th pharyngeal pouch endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16767	endoderm	VHOG:0000578	4th pharyngeal pouch endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1681	mesenchyme derived from neural crest	VHOG:0000580	4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16772	mesenchyme derived from neural crest	VHOG:0000580	4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:2335	cavity	VHOG:0000581	pleural cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:16774	cavity	VHOG:0000581	pleural cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:18462	pleural cavity	VHOG:0000581	pleural cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:18731	cavity	VHOG:0000581	pleural cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
MA:0000055	pleural cavity	VHOG:0000581	pleural cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EHDAA:5041	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:5045	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:5049	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:5053	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:7117	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17216	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17394	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17398	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17677	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18045	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000582	vertebral pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:5913	genital tubercle	VHOG:0000583	undifferentiated genital tubercle	well established	"In mammalian embryos, male and female external genitalia develop from the genital tubercle." [DOI:10.1242/dev.036830 "Seifert AW, Yamaguchi T, Cohn MJ, Functional and phylogenetic analysis shows that Fgf8 is a marker of genital induction in mammals but is not required for external genital development. Development (2009)"]
EMAPA:17382	genital tubercle	VHOG:0000583	undifferentiated genital tubercle	well established	"In mammalian embryos, male and female external genitalia develop from the genital tubercle." [DOI:10.1242/dev.036830 "Seifert AW, Yamaguchi T, Cohn MJ, Functional and phylogenetic analysis shows that Fgf8 is a marker of genital induction in mammals but is not required for external genital development. Development (2009)"]
EHDAA:7107	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8328	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8332	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8337	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:9504	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17392	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17675	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17679	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18009	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18044	vertebral cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000584	vertebral cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:534	mouth-foregut junction	VHOG:0000592	mouth-foregut junction	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) The development of the digestive tract, p.532-533 and Figure 16-1"]
EMAPA:16258	mouth-foregut junction	VHOG:0000592	mouth-foregut junction	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) The development of the digestive tract, p.532-533 and Figure 16-1"]
EHDAA:1343	optic recess	VHOG:0000595	optic recess	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00027-9 "Wilson SW, Houart C, Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Developmental Cell (2004)"]
EHDAA:1961	optic recess	VHOG:0000595	optic recess	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00027-9 "Wilson SW, Houart C, Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Developmental Cell (2004)"]
EHDAA:2637	optic recess	VHOG:0000595	optic recess	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00027-9 "Wilson SW, Houart C, Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Developmental Cell (2004)"]
EHDAA:3466	optic recess	VHOG:0000595	optic recess	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00027-9 "Wilson SW, Houart C, Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Developmental Cell (2004)"]
EMAPA:16644	optic recess	VHOG:0000595	optic recess	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00027-9 "Wilson SW, Houart C, Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Developmental Cell (2004)"]
EMAPA:16902	optic recess	VHOG:0000595	optic recess	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00027-9 "Wilson SW, Houart C, Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Developmental Cell (2004)"]
ZFA:0000049	optic recess	VHOG:0000595	optic recess	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00027-9 "Wilson SW, Houart C, Early steps in the development of the forebrain. Developmental Cell (2004)"]
EHDAA:1346	lateral wall	VHOG:0000596	lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1965	lateral wall	VHOG:0000596	lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2641	lateral wall	VHOG:0000596	lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3474	lateral wall	VHOG:0000596	lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16517	lateral wall	VHOG:0000596	lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16650	lateral wall	VHOG:0000596	lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16905	lateral wall	VHOG:0000596	lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000780	lateral wall diencephalic region	VHOG:0000596	lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:58	mural trophectoderm	VHOG:0000597	mural trophectoderm	well established	" (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Romer AS, Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106"]
EMAPA:16047	mural trophectoderm	VHOG:0000597	mural trophectoderm	well established	" (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Romer AS, Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106"]
EHDAA:227	node	VHOG:0000598	organizer	well established	"The organizer is a central feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. It was first characterized in functional terms in amphibians by Spemann and Mangold (1924), and homologous tissues have since been identified in representatives of most other vertebrate classes, including mammals (the node), birds (Henson's node) and teleost fish (the embryonic shield)." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
EHDAA:549	primitive node	VHOG:0000598	organizer	well established	"The organizer is a central feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. It was first characterized in functional terms in amphibians by Spemann and Mangold (1924), and homologous tissues have since been identified in representatives of most other vertebrate classes, including mammals (the node), birds (Henson's node) and teleost fish (the embryonic shield)." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
EMAPA:16075	node	VHOG:0000598	organizer	well established	"The organizer is a central feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. It was first characterized in functional terms in amphibians by Spemann and Mangold (1924), and homologous tissues have since been identified in representatives of most other vertebrate classes, including mammals (the node), birds (Henson's node) and teleost fish (the embryonic shield)." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
XAO:0000072	dorsal marginal zone	VHOG:0000598	organizer	well established	"The organizer is a central feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. It was first characterized in functional terms in amphibians by Spemann and Mangold (1924), and homologous tissues have since been identified in representatives of most other vertebrate classes, including mammals (the node), birds (Henson's node) and teleost fish (the embryonic shield)." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
ZFA:0000071	shield	VHOG:0000598	organizer	well established	"The organizer is a central feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. It was first characterized in functional terms in amphibians by Spemann and Mangold (1924), and homologous tissues have since been identified in representatives of most other vertebrate classes, including mammals (the node), birds (Henson's node) and teleost fish (the embryonic shield)." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
ZFA:0001121	presumptive shield	VHOG:0000598	organizer	well established	"The organizer is a central feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. It was first characterized in functional terms in amphibians by Spemann and Mangold (1924), and homologous tissues have since been identified in representatives of most other vertebrate classes, including mammals (the node), birds (Henson's node) and teleost fish (the embryonic shield)." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x "Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008)"]
EHDAA:410	umbilical artery	VHOG:0000599	embryonic umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16331	umbilical artery	VHOG:0000599	embryonic umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:2851	spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EHDAA:344	future spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EHDAA:898	future spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EMAPA:16092	future spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EMAPA:16525	future spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EMAPA:16755	future spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EMAPA:17577	spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EMAPA:17700	spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EV:0100316	spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
MA:0000216	spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
XAO:0000020	spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
ZFA:0000075	spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
ZFA:0000417	presumptive spinal cord	VHOG:0000601	spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165"]
EHDAA:462	myocardium	VHOG:0000602	atrium myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:792	myocardium	VHOG:0000602	atrium myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16228	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000602	atrium myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16345	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000602	atrium myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16692	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000602	atrium myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000081	atrium myocardium	VHOG:0000602	atrium myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0001374	atrial myocardium	VHOG:0000602	atrium myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:470	myocardium	VHOG:0000603	outflow tract myocardium	uncertain	" (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure." [PMID:9187138 "Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997)"]
EHDAA:804	myocardium	VHOG:0000603	outflow tract myocardium	uncertain	" (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure." [PMID:9187138 "Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997)"]
MA:0000489	outflow tract myocardium	VHOG:0000603	outflow tract myocardium	uncertain	" (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure." [PMID:9187138 "Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997)"]
EHDAA:478	myocardium	VHOG:0000604	ventricle myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:812	myocardium	VHOG:0000604	ventricle myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16236	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000604	ventricle myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16353	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000604	ventricle myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000082	ventricle myocardium	VHOG:0000604	ventricle myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0005061	ventricular myocardium	VHOG:0000604	ventricle myocardium	uncertain	"As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:6997	primitive ureter	VHOG:0000605	ureter	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EHDAA:8089	primitive ureter	VHOG:0000605	ureter	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EHDAA:9329	ureter	VHOG:0000605	ureter	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EMAPA:17647	primitive ureter	VHOG:0000605	ureter	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EMAPA:17950	ureter	VHOG:0000605	ureter	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EV:0100097	ureter	VHOG:0000605	ureter	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
MA:0000378	ureter	VHOG:0000605	ureter	well established	"The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EHDAA:460	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0000606	atrium endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:790	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0000606	atrium endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16227	endocardial tube	VHOG:0000606	atrium endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16344	endocardial tube	VHOG:0000606	atrium endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16691	endocardial lining	VHOG:0000606	atrium endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000077	atrium endocardium	VHOG:0000606	atrium endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0001614	atrial endocardium	VHOG:0000606	atrium endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:476	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0000607	ventricle endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:810	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0000607	ventricle endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16235	endocardial tube	VHOG:0000607	ventricle endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16352	endocardial tube	VHOG:0000607	ventricle endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:16697	endocardial lining	VHOG:0000607	ventricle endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0000079	ventricle endocardium	VHOG:0000607	ventricle endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
ZFA:0001615	ventricular endocardium	VHOG:0000607	ventricle endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:446	myocardium	VHOG:0000609	bulbus cordis myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:454	myocardium	VHOG:0000609	bulbus cordis myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:776	myocardium	VHOG:0000609	bulbus cordis myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:784	myocardium	VHOG:0000609	bulbus cordis myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16220	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000609	bulbus cordis myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16224	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000609	bulbus cordis myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16337	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000609	bulbus cordis myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16341	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000609	bulbus cordis myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3383	myocardium	VHOG:0000611	right auricular region myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:5344	myocardium	VHOG:0000611	right auricular region myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16826	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000611	right auricular region myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17324	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000611	right auricular region myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:444	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0000612	bulbus cordis caudal half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:774	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0000612	bulbus cordis caudal half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16219	endocardial tube	VHOG:0000612	bulbus cordis caudal half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16336	endocardial tube	VHOG:0000612	bulbus cordis caudal half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16694	endocardial lining	VHOG:0000612	bulbus cordis caudal half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3381	endocardial lining	VHOG:0000614	right auricular region endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:5342	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0000614	right auricular region endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16825	endocardial lining	VHOG:0000614	right auricular region endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17323	endocardial lining	VHOG:0000614	right auricular region endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:2593	endocardial lining	VHOG:0000615	interventricular septum endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:17334	endocardial lining	VHOG:0000615	interventricular septum endocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:124	mesoderm	VHOG:0000616	extraembryonic mesoderm	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.134 and Figure 4-11"]
EMAPA:16083	mesoderm	VHOG:0000616	extraembryonic mesoderm	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.134 and Figure 4-11"]
EHDAA:1556	left lung rudiment	VHOG:0000618	left lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EHDAA:2195	left lung rudiment	VHOG:0000618	left lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EHDAA:4935	left lung	VHOG:0000618	left lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EMAPA:16729	left lung rudiment	VHOG:0000618	left lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EMAPA:17653	left lung	VHOG:0000618	left lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
MA:0000425	left lung	VHOG:0000618	left lung	well established	"Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210"]
EHDAA:348	neural fold	VHOG:0000628	neural fold spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:904	neural fold	VHOG:0000628	neural fold spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16093	neural fold	VHOG:0000628	neural fold spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16162	neural fold	VHOG:0000628	neural fold spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16528	neural fold	VHOG:0000628	neural fold spinal cord	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:4718	epithelium	VHOG:0000634	utricle epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17295	epithelium	VHOG:0000634	utricle epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
MA:0001204	utricle epithelium	VHOG:0000634	utricle epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:3780	epithelium	VHOG:0000635	1st pharyngeal membrane epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16993	epithelium	VHOG:0000635	1st pharyngeal membrane epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:510	epithelium	VHOG:0000636	otic placode epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16197	epithelium	VHOG:0000636	otic placode epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:9031	epithelium	VHOG:0000637	lower eyelid epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17832	epithelium	VHOG:0000637	lower eyelid epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:9037	epithelium	VHOG:0000638	upper eyelid epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17835	epithelium	VHOG:0000638	upper eyelid epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4690	epithelium	VHOG:0000639	labyrinth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17817	epithelium	VHOG:0000639	labyrinth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4710	epithelium	VHOG:0000640	cochlear duct epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17600	epithelium	VHOG:0000640	cochlear duct epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4645	nerve	VHOG:0000641	parasympathetic nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17271	nerve	VHOG:0000641	parasympathetic nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0000224	parasympathetic nerve	VHOG:0000641	parasympathetic nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0002132	hepatic portal vein	VHOG:0000642	hepatic portal vein	well established	"Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (...) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.265"]
ZFA:0005090	hepatic portal vein	VHOG:0000642	hepatic portal vein	well established	"Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (...) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure, Second Edition (1982) p.265"]
EHDAA:1981	telencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:2659	telencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:3490	lateral ventricle	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:6564	lateral ventricles	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16653	telencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16914	lateral ventricle	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EV:0100307	lateral ventricle	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
MA:0000192	lateral ventricle	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
ZFA:0000696	telencephalic ventricle	VHOG:0000643	telencephalic ventricle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:1356	prosencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000644	prosencephalic vesicle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16521	prosencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000644	prosencephalic vesicle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
ZFA:0001259	forebrain ventricle	VHOG:0000644	prosencephalic vesicle	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:19246	islets of Langerhans	VHOG:0000646	islet of Langerhans	well established	"Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies." [PMID:7600975 "Slack JMW, Developmental biology of the pancreas. Development (1995)"]
EMAPA:19247	islets of Langerhans	VHOG:0000646	islet of Langerhans	well established	"Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies." [PMID:7600975 "Slack JMW, Developmental biology of the pancreas. Development (1995)"]
EMAPA:19248	islets of Langerhans	VHOG:0000646	islet of Langerhans	well established	"Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies." [PMID:7600975 "Slack JMW, Developmental biology of the pancreas. Development (1995)"]
EV:0100130	islet of Langerhans	VHOG:0000646	islet of Langerhans	well established	"Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies." [PMID:7600975 "Slack JMW, Developmental biology of the pancreas. Development (1995)"]
MA:0000127	pancreatic islet	VHOG:0000646	islet of Langerhans	well established	"Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies." [PMID:7600975 "Slack JMW, Developmental biology of the pancreas. Development (1995)"]
XAO:0000159	islets of Langerhans	VHOG:0000646	islet of Langerhans	well established	"Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies." [PMID:7600975 "Slack JMW, Developmental biology of the pancreas. Development (1995)"]
EV:0100075	ileum	VHOG:0000647	ileum	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0000339	ileum	VHOG:0000647	ileum	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
XAO:0000237	ileum	VHOG:0000647	ileum	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EMAPA:18939	colon	VHOG:0000648	colon	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
EV:0100079	colon	VHOG:0000648	colon	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
MA:0000335	colon	VHOG:0000648	colon	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
XAO:0000243	colon	VHOG:0000648	colon	uncertain	"Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut." [ISBN:978-0521617147 "Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11"]
XAO:0000016	midbrain-hindbrain boundary	VHOG:0000649	midbrain-hindbrain boundary	well established	"Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0000042	midbrain hindbrain boundary	VHOG:0000649	midbrain-hindbrain boundary	well established	"Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
ZFA:0001187	presumptive midbrain hindbrain boundary	VHOG:0000649	midbrain-hindbrain boundary	well established	"Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 "Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005)"]
EHDAA:950	gland	VHOG:0000650	foregut gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.497-498 and Figure 13.2"]
EMAPA:16360	gland	VHOG:0000650	foregut gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.497-498 and Figure 13.2"]
EHDAA:2149	gland	VHOG:0000651	foregut midgut junction gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.497-498 and Figure 13.2"]
EMAPA:17065	gland	VHOG:0000651	foregut midgut junction gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.497-498 and Figure 13.2"]
EHDAA:2169	gland	VHOG:0000652	oral region gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.497-498 and Figure 13.2"]
EMAPA:16723	gland	VHOG:0000652	oral region gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.497-498 and Figure 13.2"]
EHDAA:4463	gland	VHOG:0000653	diencephalon gland	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16897	gland	VHOG:0000653	diencephalon gland	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:6510	gland	VHOG:0000654	integumental system gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.400-405"]
EMAPA:17758	gland	VHOG:0000654	integumental system gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.400-405"]
EHDAA:4747	choroid fissure	VHOG:0000655	choroid fissure - optic fissure	well established	"The folded arrangement of the vertebrate retina and RPE [retinal pigment epithelial] provides an evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of the choroid fissure, as proposed more than a century ago. Early in evolution, before the optic cup invaginated, the axons from retinal ganglion cells would simply have run over the surface of the structure. Hence, one can view the optic nerve as having acted rather like a rope in linking the retina to higher centres: the developing eye cup has simply wrapped around this 'rope', and the developing axons have thereby not needed to penetrate the retina." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
MA:0001305	choroid fissure	VHOG:0000655	choroid fissure - optic fissure	well established	"The folded arrangement of the vertebrate retina and RPE [retinal pigment epithelial] provides an evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of the choroid fissure, as proposed more than a century ago. Early in evolution, before the optic cup invaginated, the axons from retinal ganglion cells would simply have run over the surface of the structure. Hence, one can view the optic nerve as having acted rather like a rope in linking the retina to higher centres: the developing eye cup has simply wrapped around this 'rope', and the developing axons have thereby not needed to penetrate the retina." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
XAO:0000474	choroid fissure	VHOG:0000655	choroid fissure - optic fissure	well established	"The folded arrangement of the vertebrate retina and RPE [retinal pigment epithelial] provides an evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of the choroid fissure, as proposed more than a century ago. Early in evolution, before the optic cup invaginated, the axons from retinal ganglion cells would simply have run over the surface of the structure. Hence, one can view the optic nerve as having acted rather like a rope in linking the retina to higher centres: the developing eye cup has simply wrapped around this 'rope', and the developing axons have thereby not needed to penetrate the retina." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
ZFA:0001284	optic fissure	VHOG:0000655	choroid fissure - optic fissure	well established	"The folded arrangement of the vertebrate retina and RPE [retinal pigment epithelial] provides an evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of the choroid fissure, as proposed more than a century ago. Early in evolution, before the optic cup invaginated, the axons from retinal ganglion cells would simply have run over the surface of the structure. Hence, one can view the optic nerve as having acted rather like a rope in linking the retina to higher centres: the developing eye cup has simply wrapped around this 'rope', and the developing axons have thereby not needed to penetrate the retina." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 "Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007)"]
EHDAA:3470	future thalamus	VHOG:0000657	thalamus	well established	" (...) the brain regions of tetrapods, the structures they contain, and their basic organizational features are the same as in fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.484"]
EMAPA:17540	thalamus	VHOG:0000657	thalamus	well established	" (...) the brain regions of tetrapods, the structures they contain, and their basic organizational features are the same as in fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.484"]
EV:0100195	thalamus	VHOG:0000657	thalamus	well established	" (...) the brain regions of tetrapods, the structures they contain, and their basic organizational features are the same as in fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.484"]
MA:0000179	thalamus	VHOG:0000657	thalamus	well established	" (...) the brain regions of tetrapods, the structures they contain, and their basic organizational features are the same as in fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.484"]
ZFA:0001215	thalamus	VHOG:0000657	thalamus	well established	" (...) the brain regions of tetrapods, the structures they contain, and their basic organizational features are the same as in fishes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.484"]
EHDAA:995	gland	VHOG:0000658	stomatodaeum gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.533 Figure 16-1"]
EMAPA:16572	gland	VHOG:0000658	stomatodaeum gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.533 Figure 16-1"]
EHDAA:1036	left	VHOG:0000659	extraembryonic left umbilical vein	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.608 and Figure 19-4, D"]
EMAPA:16377	left	VHOG:0000659	extraembryonic left umbilical vein	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.608 and Figure 19-4, D"]
EHDAA:1038	right	VHOG:0000660	extraembryonic right umbilical vein	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.608 and Figure 19-4, D"]
EMAPA:16378	right	VHOG:0000660	extraembryonic right umbilical vein	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.608 and Figure 19-4, D"]
EHDAA:8120	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000661	ovary primordial germ cells	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:17965	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000661	ovary primordial germ cells	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EHDAA:8142	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000662	testis primordial germ cells	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:17975	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000662	testis primordial germ cells	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EMAPA:18686	primordial germ cells	VHOG:0000662	testis primordial germ cells	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); In their review, Extavour and Akam (2003) suggested that PGCs can be regarded as homologous across all metazoans. The similar function of these cells, as well as similar structural and molecular characteristics, support this assumption. However, homology implies common origin also, and this is not the case in PGCs (reference 2)." However, for Craniota, primordial germ cells originate as mesodermal cells early in development and migrate to the gonad anlagen (reference 3). [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "p.249 (ref.2) and p.260, Table 13.3 (ref.3)"]
EHDAA:9071	naris	VHOG:0000663	naris	well established	Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: "The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition.  (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
EMAPA:17847	naris	VHOG:0000663	naris	well established	Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: "The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition.  (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
MA:0000282	naris	VHOG:0000663	naris	well established	Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: "The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition.  (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
ZFA:0000550	naris	VHOG:0000663	naris	well established	Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: "The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition.  (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla." [doi:10.1038/nature02843 "Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004)"]
EHDAA:7837	nasolacrimal duct	VHOG:0000664	nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris	uncertain	"The nasolacrimal duct is probably homologous to the posterior (excurrent) naris of actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256"]
EHDAA:9082	nasolacrimal duct	VHOG:0000664	nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris	uncertain	"The nasolacrimal duct is probably homologous to the posterior (excurrent) naris of actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256"]
EMAPA:17853	naso-lacrimal duct	VHOG:0000664	nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris	uncertain	"The nasolacrimal duct is probably homologous to the posterior (excurrent) naris of actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256"]
MA:0001299	nasolacrimal duct	VHOG:0000664	nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris	uncertain	"The nasolacrimal duct is probably homologous to the posterior (excurrent) naris of actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256"]
ZFA:0001426	posterior naris	VHOG:0000664	nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris	uncertain	"The nasolacrimal duct is probably homologous to the posterior (excurrent) naris of actinopterygian fishes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256"]
EHDAA:7853	vomeronasal organ	VHOG:0000665	vomeronasal organ	debated	" (...) the vomeronasal organ is known only in some tetrapods. It is absent in most turtles, crocodiles, birds, some bats, and aquatic mammals. In amphibians, it is in a recessed area off the main nasal cavity. (...) In mammals possesing this organ, it is an isolated area of olfactory membrane within the nasal cavity that is usually connected to the mouth via the nasopalatine duct (reference 1); The opinions concerning the presence and functioning of the vomeronasal organ in humans are controversial. The vomeronasal cavities appear early in human foetuses. (...) Historical examination of the nasal septum revealed the presence of vomeronasal cavities in approximately 70% of adults. In contrast to the situation in other mammals, the organ is not supported by a rigid tube of bone or cartilage (reference 2); (...) the best evidence for the homology of the human VNO to that of other primates (and of mammals in general) is ontogenetic in nature, based on a common embryonic origin from a thickening (vomeronasal primordium) on the medial aspect of each olfactory pit (reference 3); (...) suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as "a primordium of the vomeronasal organ" (reference 4). " [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.669 (ref.1)", PMID:9866877 "Doving KB, Trotier D, Review: Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ. The Journal of Experimental Biology (1998) (ref.2)", DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810077.x "Smith TD, Siegel MI, Bonar CJ, Bhatnagar KP, Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Smith MA, Maico LM, The existence of the vomeronasal organ in postnatal chimpanzees and evidence for its homology with that of humans. J Anat (2001) (ref.3) ", DOI:10.1002/ar.22415 "Nakamuta S, Nakamuta N, Taniguchi K, Taniguchi K, Histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the primordial vomeronasal organ in lungfish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) (2012) (ref.4)"]
EMAPA:17612	vomeronasal organ	VHOG:0000665	vomeronasal organ	debated	" (...) the vomeronasal organ is known only in some tetrapods. It is absent in most turtles, crocodiles, birds, some bats, and aquatic mammals. In amphibians, it is in a recessed area off the main nasal cavity. (...) In mammals possesing this organ, it is an isolated area of olfactory membrane within the nasal cavity that is usually connected to the mouth via the nasopalatine duct (reference 1); The opinions concerning the presence and functioning of the vomeronasal organ in humans are controversial. The vomeronasal cavities appear early in human foetuses. (...) Historical examination of the nasal septum revealed the presence of vomeronasal cavities in approximately 70% of adults. In contrast to the situation in other mammals, the organ is not supported by a rigid tube of bone or cartilage (reference 2); (...) the best evidence for the homology of the human VNO to that of other primates (and of mammals in general) is ontogenetic in nature, based on a common embryonic origin from a thickening (vomeronasal primordium) on the medial aspect of each olfactory pit (reference 3); (...) suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as "a primordium of the vomeronasal organ" (reference 4). " [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.669 (ref.1)", PMID:9866877 "Doving KB, Trotier D, Review: Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ. The Journal of Experimental Biology (1998) (ref.2)", DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810077.x "Smith TD, Siegel MI, Bonar CJ, Bhatnagar KP, Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Smith MA, Maico LM, The existence of the vomeronasal organ in postnatal chimpanzees and evidence for its homology with that of humans. J Anat (2001) (ref.3) ", DOI:10.1002/ar.22415 "Nakamuta S, Nakamuta N, Taniguchi K, Taniguchi K, Histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the primordial vomeronasal organ in lungfish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) (2012) (ref.4)"]
MA:0000289	vomeronasal organ	VHOG:0000665	vomeronasal organ	debated	" (...) the vomeronasal organ is known only in some tetrapods. It is absent in most turtles, crocodiles, birds, some bats, and aquatic mammals. In amphibians, it is in a recessed area off the main nasal cavity. (...) In mammals possesing this organ, it is an isolated area of olfactory membrane within the nasal cavity that is usually connected to the mouth via the nasopalatine duct (reference 1); The opinions concerning the presence and functioning of the vomeronasal organ in humans are controversial. The vomeronasal cavities appear early in human foetuses. (...) Historical examination of the nasal septum revealed the presence of vomeronasal cavities in approximately 70% of adults. In contrast to the situation in other mammals, the organ is not supported by a rigid tube of bone or cartilage (reference 2); (...) the best evidence for the homology of the human VNO to that of other primates (and of mammals in general) is ontogenetic in nature, based on a common embryonic origin from a thickening (vomeronasal primordium) on the medial aspect of each olfactory pit (reference 3); (...) suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as "a primordium of the vomeronasal organ" (reference 4). " [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.669 (ref.1)", PMID:9866877 "Doving KB, Trotier D, Review: Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ. The Journal of Experimental Biology (1998) (ref.2)", DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810077.x "Smith TD, Siegel MI, Bonar CJ, Bhatnagar KP, Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Smith MA, Maico LM, The existence of the vomeronasal organ in postnatal chimpanzees and evidence for its homology with that of humans. J Anat (2001) (ref.3) ", DOI:10.1002/ar.22415 "Nakamuta S, Nakamuta N, Taniguchi K, Taniguchi K, Histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the primordial vomeronasal organ in lungfish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) (2012) (ref.4)"]
XAO:0000272	Jacobson's organ	VHOG:0000665	vomeronasal organ	debated	" (...) the vomeronasal organ is known only in some tetrapods. It is absent in most turtles, crocodiles, birds, some bats, and aquatic mammals. In amphibians, it is in a recessed area off the main nasal cavity. (...) In mammals possesing this organ, it is an isolated area of olfactory membrane within the nasal cavity that is usually connected to the mouth via the nasopalatine duct (reference 1); The opinions concerning the presence and functioning of the vomeronasal organ in humans are controversial. The vomeronasal cavities appear early in human foetuses. (...) Historical examination of the nasal septum revealed the presence of vomeronasal cavities in approximately 70% of adults. In contrast to the situation in other mammals, the organ is not supported by a rigid tube of bone or cartilage (reference 2); (...) the best evidence for the homology of the human VNO to that of other primates (and of mammals in general) is ontogenetic in nature, based on a common embryonic origin from a thickening (vomeronasal primordium) on the medial aspect of each olfactory pit (reference 3); (...) suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as "a primordium of the vomeronasal organ" (reference 4). " [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.669 (ref.1)", PMID:9866877 "Doving KB, Trotier D, Review: Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ. The Journal of Experimental Biology (1998) (ref.2)", DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810077.x "Smith TD, Siegel MI, Bonar CJ, Bhatnagar KP, Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Smith MA, Maico LM, The existence of the vomeronasal organ in postnatal chimpanzees and evidence for its homology with that of humans. J Anat (2001) (ref.3) ", DOI:10.1002/ar.22415 "Nakamuta S, Nakamuta N, Taniguchi K, Taniguchi K, Histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the primordial vomeronasal organ in lungfish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) (2012) (ref.4)"]
EHDAA:8106	genital tubercle	VHOG:0000666	female genital tubercle	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 21, The reproductive system and reproduction, p.680-682 and Figure 21-23"]
EMAPA:17960	genital tubercle	VHOG:0000666	female genital tubercle	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 21, The reproductive system and reproduction, p.680-682 and Figure 21-23"]
EHDAA:8126	genital tubercle	VHOG:0000667	male genital tubercle	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 21, The reproductive system and reproduction, p.680-682 and Figure 21-23"]
EMAPA:17969	genital tubercle	VHOG:0000667	male genital tubercle	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 21, The reproductive system and reproduction, p.680-682 and Figure 21-23"]
EHDAA:464	outflow tract	VHOG:0000670	outflow tract	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:7397	outflow	VHOG:0000670	outflow tract	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:798	outflow tract	VHOG:0000670	outflow tract	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16229	outflow tract	VHOG:0000670	outflow tract	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16346	outflow tract	VHOG:0000670	outflow tract	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
MA:0000100	outflow tract	VHOG:0000670	outflow tract	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:1	human	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
EMAPA:25765	mouse	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
EV:0100000	Anatomical System	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
EV:0100016	whole body	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
MA:0000001	mouse anatomical entity	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
XAO:0000000	Xenopus anatomical entity	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
XAO:0003004	whole organism	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
ZFA:0001094	whole organism	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
ZFA:0100000	zebrafish anatomical entity	VHOG:0000671	whole organism	obvious	
EHDAA:1373	rhombomere 01	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:1383	rhombomere 02	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:1393	rhombomere 03	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:1408	rhombomere 04	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:1423	rhombomere 05	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:1433	rhombomere 06	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:1443	rhombomere 07	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:1991	rhombomere 01	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2003	rhombomere 02	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2015	rhombomere 03	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2025	rhombomere 04	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2037	rhombomere 05	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2047	rhombomere 06	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2059	rhombomere 07	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2071	rhombomere 08	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2703	rhombomere 01	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2715	rhombomere 02	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2743	rhombomere 03	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2755	rhombomere 04	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2767	rhombomere 05	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2779	rhombomere 06	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2791	rhombomere 07	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:2805	rhombomere 08	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:318	pro-rhombomere a	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:326	pro-rhombomere b	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:332	pro-rhombomere c	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:338	pro-rhombomere d	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3532	rhombomere 01	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3546	rhombomere 02	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3586	rhombomere 03	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3600	rhombomere 04	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3614	rhombomere 05	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3628	rhombomere 06	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3642	rhombomere 07	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3658	rhombomere 08	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:856	pro-rhombomere a	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:866	pro-rhombomere b	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:876	pro-rhombomere c	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:886	pro-rhombomere d	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16149	anterior pro-rhombomere	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16157	posterior pro-rhombomere	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16290	rhombomere 01	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16293	rhombomere 02	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16297	rhombomere 03	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16301	rhombomere 04	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16305	rhombomere 05	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16480	rhombomere 01	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16484	rhombomere 02	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16488	rhombomere 03	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16492	rhombomere 04	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16496	rhombomere 05	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16500	rhombomere 06	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16504	rhombomere 07	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16508	rhombomere 08	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16918	rhombomere 01	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16925	rhombomere 02	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16932	rhombomere 03	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16939	rhombomere 04	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16946	rhombomere 05	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16953	rhombomere 06	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16960	rhombomere 07	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:16967	rhombomere 08	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:17092	rhombomere 01	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:17099	rhombomere 02	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:17106	rhombomere 03	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:17113	rhombomere 04	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:17120	rhombomere 05	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:17127	rhombomere 06	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:17134	rhombomere 07	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EMAPA:17141	rhombomere 08	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001064	rhombomere	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001207	presumptive rhombomere 1	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001208	presumptive rhombomere 2	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001209	presumptive rhombomere 7	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001210	presumptive rhombomere 6	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001211	presumptive rhombomere 5	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001212	presumptive rhombomere 4	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001213	presumptive rhombomere 3	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
ZFA:0001214	presumptive rhombomere 8	VHOG:0000672	rhombomere	well established	"Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head." [DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 "Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002)"]
EHDAA:3937	loop	VHOG:0000673	midgut loop	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.516-520 and Figure 13.28"]
EMAPA:17036	loop	VHOG:0000673	midgut loop	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.516-520 and Figure 13.28"]
EHDAA:2173	Rathkes pouch	VHOG:0000674	Rathke's pouch	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7522	remnant of Rathkes pouch	VHOG:0000674	Rathke's pouch	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:999	Rathkes pouch	VHOG:0000674	Rathke's pouch	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:16574	Rathke's pouch	VHOG:0000674	Rathke's pouch	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:16725	Rathke's pouch	VHOG:0000674	Rathke's pouch	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17518	remnant of Rathke's pouch	VHOG:0000674	Rathke's pouch	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000857	remnant of Rathke's pouch	VHOG:0000674	Rathke's pouch	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
XAO:0000430	Rathke's pouch	VHOG:0000674	Rathke's pouch	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:8159	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EHDAA:8171	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EHDAA:8187	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EHDAA:8209	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EMAPA:19000	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EMAPA:19002	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EMAPA:19004	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EMAPA:19006	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EMAPA:19008	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
MA:0000422	bronchiole	VHOG:0000675	bronchiole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 18, Respiration in Mammals, p.596-599"]
EHDAA:1130	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1134	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1138	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1142	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1158	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1162	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1166	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1170	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1174	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1178	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1182	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1186	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1191	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1197	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1203	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1209	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1215	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1221	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1227	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1233	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1793	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1799	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1805	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1811	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1817	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1823	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1829	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1835	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:1841	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2463	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2469	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2475	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2481	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2487	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2493	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2499	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2505	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2511	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:2517	dermamyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16414	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16417	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16420	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16423	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16426	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16429	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16432	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16435	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16438	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16442	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16446	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16450	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16454	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16458	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16462	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16466	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16601	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16605	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16609	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16613	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16617	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16621	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16625	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16629	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16633	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16637	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16862	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16866	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16870	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16874	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:16878	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17050	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17054	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17058	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17062	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17218	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17222	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17226	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17230	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17234	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17238	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17400	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17404	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17408	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17685	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17689	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17693	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:17697	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:18031	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:18035	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:18039	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:18351	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:18355	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:18359	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:18363	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EMAPA:18367	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
XAO:0000220	dermatome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
ZFA:0001513	dermomyotome	VHOG:0000676	dermomyotome	well established	"Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x "Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006)"]
EHDAA:7989	future lip	VHOG:0000677	lip	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
EHDAA:8017	future lip	VHOG:0000677	lip	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
EMAPA:17909	lip	VHOG:0000677	lip	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
EMAPA:17925	lip	VHOG:0000677	lip	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
MA:0000343	lip	VHOG:0000677	lip	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
ZFA:0007006	lip	VHOG:0000677	lip	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
EHDAA:5980	serratus anterior pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000679	serratus anterior	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:9451	serratus anterior	VHOG:0000679	serratus anterior	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18525	serratus anterior	VHOG:0000679	serratus anterior	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002378	serratus ventralis	VHOG:0000679	serratus anterior	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:1193	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1199	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1205	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1211	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1217	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1223	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1229	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1235	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1795	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1801	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1807	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1813	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1819	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1825	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1831	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1837	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:1843	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2465	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2471	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2477	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2483	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2489	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2495	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2501	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2507	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2513	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:2519	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:674	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:677	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:680	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:684	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:703	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:707	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:711	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:715	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:719	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:723	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:727	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:731	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16416	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16419	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16422	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16425	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16428	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16431	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16434	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16437	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16440	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16444	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16448	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16452	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16456	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16460	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16464	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16468	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16603	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16607	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16611	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16615	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16619	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16623	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16627	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16631	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16635	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16639	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16864	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16868	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16872	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16876	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:16880	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17052	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17056	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17060	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17064	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17220	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17224	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17228	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17232	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17236	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17240	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17402	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17406	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17410	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17687	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17691	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17695	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:17699	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:18033	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:18037	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:18041	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:18353	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:18357	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:18361	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:18365	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EMAPA:18369	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
XAO:0000397	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000829	sclerotome somite 11	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000830	sclerotome somite 14	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000831	sclerotome somite 17	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000832	sclerotome somite 2	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000833	sclerotome somite 22	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000834	sclerotome somite 25	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000835	sclerotome somite 28	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000836	sclerotome somite 30	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000837	sclerotome somite 6	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000839	sclerotome somite 9	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000952	sclerotome somite 1	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000953	sclerotome somite 12	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000954	sclerotome somite 15	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000955	sclerotome somite 18	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000956	sclerotome somite 20	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000958	sclerotome somite 23	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000959	sclerotome somite 26	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000960	sclerotome somite 29	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000961	sclerotome somite 4	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000962	sclerotome somite 7	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001036	sclerotome somite 10	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001037	sclerotome somite 13	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001038	sclerotome somite 16	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001039	sclerotome somite 19	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001041	sclerotome somite 21	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001042	sclerotome somite 24	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001043	sclerotome somite 27	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001044	sclerotome somite 3	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001045	sclerotome somite 5	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001046	sclerotome somite 8	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0001080	sclerotome	VHOG:0000680	sclerotome	well established	"The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
EHDAA:5561	vestibular component	VHOG:0000682	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EHDAA:6645	vestibular component	VHOG:0000682	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:17573	vestibular component	VHOG:0000682	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
MA:0001086	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component	VHOG:0000682	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EHDAA:127	cytotrophoblast	VHOG:0000683	cytotrophoblast	well established	The cytotrophoblast is one of the distinctly mammalian tissues that enable the fetus to survive within the maternal uterus. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p. 353-354 and Figure 11.33"]
EHDAA:152	cytotrophoblast	VHOG:0000683	cytotrophoblast	well established	The cytotrophoblast is one of the distinctly mammalian tissues that enable the fetus to survive within the maternal uterus. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p. 353-354 and Figure 11.33"]
EHDAA:89	cytotrophoblast	VHOG:0000683	cytotrophoblast	well established	The cytotrophoblast is one of the distinctly mammalian tissues that enable the fetus to survive within the maternal uterus. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p. 353-354 and Figure 11.33"]
EMAPA:16067	cytotrophoblast	VHOG:0000683	cytotrophoblast	well established	The cytotrophoblast is one of the distinctly mammalian tissues that enable the fetus to survive within the maternal uterus. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p. 353-354 and Figure 11.33"]
EHDAA:1482	vagal X preganglion	VHOG:0000684	vagus X ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EHDAA:2833	vagal X ganglion	VHOG:0000684	vagus X ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:16664	vagus X preganglion	VHOG:0000684	vagus X ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:16798	vagus X	VHOG:0000684	vagus X ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
MA:0001081	vagus X ganglion	VHOG:0000684	vagus X ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EHDAA:2835	inferior	VHOG:0000685	vagus X inferior ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:17155	inferior	VHOG:0000685	vagus X inferior ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
MA:0001082	inferior vagus X ganglion	VHOG:0000685	vagus X inferior ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:2837	superior ganglion	VHOG:0000686	vagus X superior ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:17156	superior	VHOG:0000686	vagus X superior ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
MA:0001083	superior vagus X ganglion	VHOG:0000686	vagus X superior ganglion	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-464 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:18585	stapes	VHOG:0000688	hyomandibula - stapes	well established	"This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948)"]
MA:0001217	stapes	VHOG:0000688	hyomandibula - stapes	well established	"This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948)"]
XAO:0000214	auditory ossicle	VHOG:0000688	hyomandibula - stapes	well established	"This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948)"]
ZFA:0000672	hyomandibula	VHOG:0000688	hyomandibula - stapes	well established	"This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948)"]
EMAPA:18583	incus	VHOG:0000689	quadrate - incus	well established	"According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948"]
MA:0001215	incus	VHOG:0000689	quadrate - incus	well established	"According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948"]
ZFA:0000621	quadrate	VHOG:0000689	quadrate - incus	well established	"According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948"]
EMAPA:18584	malleus	VHOG:0000690	anguloarticular - malleus	well established	"According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948"]
MA:0001216	malleus	VHOG:0000690	anguloarticular - malleus	well established	"According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948"]
ZFA:0000467	anguloarticular	VHOG:0000690	anguloarticular - malleus	well established	"According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...)." [DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 "Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948"]
EHDAA:4704	cochlear	VHOG:0000691	cochlea	well established	"Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80033-0 "Manley GA, Koeppl C, Phylogenetic development of the cochlea and its innervation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1998)"]
EMAPA:17597	cochlea	VHOG:0000691	cochlea	well established	"Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80033-0 "Manley GA, Koeppl C, Phylogenetic development of the cochlea and its innervation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1998)"]
EV:0100363	cochlea	VHOG:0000691	cochlea	well established	"Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80033-0 "Manley GA, Koeppl C, Phylogenetic development of the cochlea and its innervation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1998)"]
MA:0000240	cochlea	VHOG:0000691	cochlea	well established	"Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80033-0 "Manley GA, Koeppl C, Phylogenetic development of the cochlea and its innervation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1998)"]
XAO:0000197	lagena	VHOG:0000691	cochlea	well established	"Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80033-0 "Manley GA, Koeppl C, Phylogenetic development of the cochlea and its innervation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1998)"]
EHDAA:3724	oculomotor III	VHOG:0000692	oculomotor III nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EMAPA:17574	oculomotor III	VHOG:0000692	oculomotor III nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001095	oculomotor III nerve	VHOG:0000692	oculomotor III nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0003090	cranial nerve III	VHOG:0000692	oculomotor III nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000405	cranial nerve III	VHOG:0000692	oculomotor III nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:2847	hypoglossal XII	VHOG:0000693	hypoglossal XII nerve	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EMAPA:17269	hypoglossal XII	VHOG:0000693	hypoglossal XII nerve	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
MA:0001094	hypoglossal XII nerve	VHOG:0000693	hypoglossal XII nerve	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EHDAA:2101	trigeminal V ganglion	VHOG:0000694	trigeminal V ganglion	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.057 "Murakami Y, Kuratani S, Brain segmentation and trigeminal projections in the lamprey; with reference to vertebrate brain evolution. Brain Research Bulletin (2008)" ]
EHDAA:924	trigeminal V preganglion	VHOG:0000694	trigeminal V ganglion	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.057 "Murakami Y, Kuratani S, Brain segmentation and trigeminal projections in the lamprey; with reference to vertebrate brain evolution. Brain Research Bulletin (2008)" ]
EMAPA:16663	trigeminal V preganglion	VHOG:0000694	trigeminal V ganglion	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.057 "Murakami Y, Kuratani S, Brain segmentation and trigeminal projections in the lamprey; with reference to vertebrate brain evolution. Brain Research Bulletin (2008)" ]
EMAPA:16797	trigeminal V	VHOG:0000694	trigeminal V ganglion	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.057 "Murakami Y, Kuratani S, Brain segmentation and trigeminal projections in the lamprey; with reference to vertebrate brain evolution. Brain Research Bulletin (2008)" ]
MA:0001080	trigeminal V ganglion	VHOG:0000694	trigeminal V ganglion	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.057 "Murakami Y, Kuratani S, Brain segmentation and trigeminal projections in the lamprey; with reference to vertebrate brain evolution. Brain Research Bulletin (2008)" ]
XAO:0000428	trigeminal ganglion	VHOG:0000694	trigeminal V ganglion	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.057 "Murakami Y, Kuratani S, Brain segmentation and trigeminal projections in the lamprey; with reference to vertebrate brain evolution. Brain Research Bulletin (2008)" ]
ZFA:0000295	trigeminal ganglion	VHOG:0000694	trigeminal V ganglion	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.057 "Murakami Y, Kuratani S, Brain segmentation and trigeminal projections in the lamprey; with reference to vertebrate brain evolution. Brain Research Bulletin (2008)" ]
EHDAA:3735	vestibulocochlear VIII	VHOG:0000695	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EMAPA:17801	vestibulocochlear VIII	VHOG:0000695	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001109	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve	VHOG:0000695	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0003095	cranial nerve VIII	VHOG:0000695	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000247	cranial nerve VIII	VHOG:0000695	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:5557	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	VHOG:0000696	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	well established	" (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII." [PMID:21452441 "Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:6641	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	VHOG:0000696	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	well established	" (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII." [PMID:21452441 "Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16982	acoustic ganglion VIII	VHOG:0000696	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	well established	" (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII." [PMID:21452441 "Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:17570	vestibulo-cochlear VIII ganglion complex	VHOG:0000696	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	well established	" (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII." [PMID:21452441 "Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:17571	vestibulocochlear VIII	VHOG:0000696	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	well established	" (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII." [PMID:21452441 "Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
MA:0001084	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	VHOG:0000696	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	well established	" (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII." [PMID:21452441 "Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
ZFA:0000588	statoacoustic (VIII) ganglion	VHOG:0000696	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion	well established	" (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII." [PMID:21452441 "Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:3714	abducens VI	VHOG:0000697	abducens VI nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EMAPA:18216	abducent VI	VHOG:0000697	abducens VI nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001087	abducens VI nerve	VHOG:0000697	abducens VI nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0003093	cranial nerve VI	VHOG:0000697	abducens VI nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000310	cranial nerve VI	VHOG:0000697	abducens VI nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:10155	tensor tympani muscle	VHOG:0000698	tensor tympani muscle	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4"]
EHDAA:10179	tensor tympani muscle	VHOG:0000698	tensor tympani muscle	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4"]
EMAPA:18587	tensor tympani muscle	VHOG:0000698	tensor tympani muscle	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4"]
MA:0001221	tensor tympani	VHOG:0000698	tensor tympani muscle	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4"]
EHDAA:2843	accessory XI	VHOG:0000699	accessory XI nerve	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EMAPA:17265	accessory XI	VHOG:0000699	accessory XI nerve	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
MA:0001088	accessory XI nerve	VHOG:0000699	accessory XI nerve	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EHDAA:9348	clitoris	VHOG:0000700	clitoris	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 21, The reproductive system and reproduction, p.680-682 and Figure 21-23"]
EMAPA:18680	clitoris	VHOG:0000700	clitoris	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 21, The reproductive system and reproduction, p.680-682 and Figure 21-23"]
MA:0000382	clitoris	VHOG:0000700	clitoris	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Chapter 21, The reproductive system and reproduction, p.680-682 and Figure 21-23"]
EHDAA:2845	glossophayngeal IX	VHOG:0000701	glossopharyngeal IX nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:3721	glossopharyngeal IX	VHOG:0000701	glossopharyngeal IX nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EMAPA:17268	glossopharyngeal IX	VHOG:0000701	glossopharyngeal IX nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001093	glossopharyngeal IX nerve	VHOG:0000701	glossopharyngeal IX nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0003096	cranial nerve IX	VHOG:0000701	glossopharyngeal IX nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000668	cranial nerve IX	VHOG:0000701	glossopharyngeal IX nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:1479	glossopharyngeal IX preganglion	VHOG:0000702	glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:2826	glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	VHOG:0000702	glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16661	glossopharyngeal IX preganglion	VHOG:0000702	glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16795	glossopharyngeal IX	VHOG:0000702	glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
MA:0001077	glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	VHOG:0000702	glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
ZFA:0001301	glossopharyngeal ganglion	VHOG:0000702	glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:6660	olfactory I	VHOG:0000703	olfactory I nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EMAPA:17797	olfactory I	VHOG:0000703	olfactory I nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001096	olfactory I nerve	VHOG:0000703	olfactory I nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0000426	cranial nerve I	VHOG:0000703	olfactory I nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000249	cranial nerve I	VHOG:0000703	olfactory I nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:3726	trigeminal V	VHOG:0000704	trigeminal V nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EMAPA:17576	trigeminal V	VHOG:0000704	trigeminal V nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001100	trigeminal V nerve	VHOG:0000704	trigeminal V nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0003092	cranial nerve V	VHOG:0000704	trigeminal V nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000697	cranial nerve V	VHOG:0000704	trigeminal V nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:4614	trochlear IV	VHOG:0000705	trochlear IV nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EMAPA:18218	trochlear IV	VHOG:0000705	trochlear IV nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001105	trochlear IV nerve	VHOG:0000705	trochlear IV nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0003091	cranial nerve IV	VHOG:0000705	trochlear IV nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000600	cranial nerve IV	VHOG:0000705	trochlear IV nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:3717	facial VII	VHOG:0000706	facial VII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EMAPA:17796	facial VII	VHOG:0000706	facial VII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001091	facial VII nerve	VHOG:0000706	facial VII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0003094	cranial nerve VII	VHOG:0000706	facial VII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000664	cranial nerve VII	VHOG:0000706	facial VII nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:5555	facial VII ganglion	VHOG:0000707	facial VII ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:6632	facial VII ganglion	VHOG:0000707	facial VII ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16983	facial ganglion VII	VHOG:0000707	facial VII ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:17569	facial VII	VHOG:0000707	facial VII ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
MA:0001076	facial VII ganglion	VHOG:0000707	facial VII ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
ZFA:0001291	facial ganglion	VHOG:0000707	facial VII ganglion	well established	"These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:2187	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000708	hepatic sinusoid	well established	" (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct." [DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 "Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000)"]
EMAPA:17365	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000708	hepatic sinusoid	well established	" (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct." [DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 "Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000)"]
MA:0000367	liver sinusoid	VHOG:0000708	hepatic sinusoid	well established	" (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct." [DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 "Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000)"]
ZFA:0005091	hepatic sinusoid	VHOG:0000708	hepatic sinusoid	well established	" (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct." [DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 "Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000)"]
EHDAA:3985	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000709	left lobe hepatic sinusoids	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figure 17-10"]
EMAPA:18309	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000709	left lobe hepatic sinusoids	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figure 17-10"]
EHDAA:3991	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000710	right lobe hepatic sinusoids	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figure 17-10"]
EMAPA:18316	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000710	right lobe hepatic sinusoids	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figure 17-10"]
EHDAA:6980	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000711	caudate lobe hepatic sinusoids	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figure 17-10"]
EMAPA:18314	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000711	caudate lobe hepatic sinusoids	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figure 17-10"]
EHDAA:8072	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000712	quadrate lobe hepatic sinusoids	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figure 17-10"]
EMAPA:18319	hepatic sinusoids	VHOG:0000712	quadrate lobe hepatic sinusoids	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.569-571 and Figure 17-10"]
EHDAA:4104	future diaphragm	VHOG:0000713	diaphragm	well established	"The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...)." [ISBN:978-0471384618 "Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278"]
EMAPA:17701	diaphragm	VHOG:0000713	diaphragm	well established	"The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...)." [ISBN:978-0471384618 "Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278"]
EV:0100376	diaphragm	VHOG:0000713	diaphragm	well established	"The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...)." [ISBN:978-0471384618 "Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278"]
MA:0001904	diaphragm	VHOG:0000713	diaphragm	well established	"The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...)." [ISBN:978-0471384618 "Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278"]
EHDAA:9332	cortex	VHOG:0000714	metanephros cortex	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.636-639"]
EMAPA:17952	cortex	VHOG:0000714	metanephros cortex	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.636-639"]
MA:0000372	kidney cortex	VHOG:0000714	metanephros cortex	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.636-639"]
EHDAA:1477	facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex	VHOG:0000715	facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex	obvious	
EHDAA:2098	facio-acoustic VII-VIII complex	VHOG:0000715	facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex	obvious	
EHDAA:922	facio-acoustic pVII VIII preganglion complex	VHOG:0000715	facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex	obvious	
EMAPA:16660	facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex	VHOG:0000715	facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex	obvious	
EMAPA:16794	facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII	VHOG:0000715	facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex	obvious	
EHDAA:1916	right part	VHOG:0000717	heart right ventricle	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:17340	right ventricle	VHOG:0000717	heart right ventricle	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
MA:0000093	heart right ventricle	VHOG:0000717	heart right ventricle	well established	"The vertebrate heart is formed from diverse embryonic territories, including the first and second heart fields. The second heart field (SHF) gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract, yet its evolutionary origins are unclear. (...) SHF-like territories have been identified in frog, zebrafish, and lamprey, yet evidence for a deeper evolutionary origin remains obscured by the absence of a clear SHF in invertebrates". [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:1908	left part	VHOG:0000718	heart left ventricle	well established	"The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain." [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:17337	left ventricle	VHOG:0000718	heart left ventricle	well established	"The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain." [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
MA:0000092	heart left ventricle	VHOG:0000718	heart left ventricle	well established	"The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain." [DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:10439	primitive nephrons	VHOG:0000719	metanephric nephron	well established	"The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae." [DOI:10.1093/icb/34.4.542 "Ruppert EE, Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Nephron. Integrative and Comparative Biology (1994)"]
EMAPA:17954	nephrons	VHOG:0000719	metanephric nephron	well established	"The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae." [DOI:10.1093/icb/34.4.542 "Ruppert EE, Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Nephron. Integrative and Comparative Biology (1994)"]
EV:0100384	nephron	VHOG:0000719	metanephric nephron	well established	"The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae." [DOI:10.1093/icb/34.4.542 "Ruppert EE, Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Nephron. Integrative and Comparative Biology (1994)"]
MA:0000375	nephron	VHOG:0000719	metanephric nephron	well established	"The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae." [DOI:10.1093/icb/34.4.542 "Ruppert EE, Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Nephron. Integrative and Comparative Biology (1994)"]
EHDAA:31	zona pellucida	VHOG:0000720	zona pellucida - vitelline membrane	well established	"Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159"]
EHDAA:62	zona pellucida	VHOG:0000720	zona pellucida - vitelline membrane	well established	"Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159"]
EMAPA:16035	zona pellucida	VHOG:0000720	zona pellucida - vitelline membrane	well established	"Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159"]
EMAPA:16049	zona pellucida	VHOG:0000720	zona pellucida - vitelline membrane	well established	"Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159"]
MA:0001715	zona pellucida	VHOG:0000720	zona pellucida - vitelline membrane	well established	"Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159"]
XAO:0000030	vitelline membrane	VHOG:0000720	zona pellucida - vitelline membrane	well established	"Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159"]
EHDAA:136	amnion	VHOG:0000721	amnion	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EMAPA:16109	amnion	VHOG:0000721	amnion	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EV:0100122	amnion	VHOG:0000721	amnion	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EHDAA:5452	cerebral cortex	VHOG:0000722	cerebral cortex	well established	"Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20437.x "Kruger L, Experimental analyses of the reptilian nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969)"]
EMAPA:17544	cerebral cortex	VHOG:0000722	cerebral cortex	well established	"Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20437.x "Kruger L, Experimental analyses of the reptilian nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969)"]
EV:0100166	cerebral cortex	VHOG:0000722	cerebral cortex	well established	"Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20437.x "Kruger L, Experimental analyses of the reptilian nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969)"]
MA:0000185	cerebral cortex	VHOG:0000722	cerebral cortex	well established	"Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20437.x "Kruger L, Experimental analyses of the reptilian nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969)"]
EHDAA:5889	renal or urinary system	VHOG:0000723	renal system	well established	"Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions." [ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406"]
EMAPA:17366	renal/urinary system	VHOG:0000723	renal system	well established	"Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions." [ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406"]
EV:0100095	urinary system	VHOG:0000723	renal system	well established	"Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions." [ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406"]
MA:0000325	renal/urinary system	VHOG:0000723	renal system	well established	"Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions." [ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406"]
XAO:0000143	urinary system	VHOG:0000723	renal system	well established	"Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions." [ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406"]
ZFA:0000163	renal system	VHOG:0000723	renal system	well established	"Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions." [ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406"]
EHDAA:8124	male	VHOG:0000725	male reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
EMAPA:17968	male	VHOG:0000725	male reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
EV:0100101	male reproductive system	VHOG:0000725	male reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
MA:0000396	male reproductive system	VHOG:0000725	male reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
XAO:0000155	male genitalia	VHOG:0000725	male reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
EHDAA:8104	female	VHOG:0000726	female reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
EMAPA:17959	female	VHOG:0000726	female reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
EV:0100110	female reproductive system	VHOG:0000726	female reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
MA:0000381	female reproductive system	VHOG:0000726	female reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
XAO:0000156	female genitalia	VHOG:0000726	female reproductive system	well established	"By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0792383369 "Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43"]
EHDAA:9368	penis	VHOG:0000727	penis	well established	Four amniote lineages (mammals, turtles, squamates, archosaurs) have penis but maybe arising independently in each penis-bearing group. [DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0161 "Kelly DA, Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2004)"]
EMAPA:18682	penis	VHOG:0000727	penis	well established	Four amniote lineages (mammals, turtles, squamates, archosaurs) have penis but maybe arising independently in each penis-bearing group. [DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0161 "Kelly DA, Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2004)"]
EV:0100107	penis	VHOG:0000727	penis	well established	Four amniote lineages (mammals, turtles, squamates, archosaurs) have penis but maybe arising independently in each penis-bearing group. [DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0161 "Kelly DA, Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2004)"]
MA:0000408	penis	VHOG:0000727	penis	well established	Four amniote lineages (mammals, turtles, squamates, archosaurs) have penis but maybe arising independently in each penis-bearing group. [DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0161 "Kelly DA, Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2004)"]
EHDAA:4665	phrenic	VHOG:0000728	phrenic nerve	well established	[DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2008.00985.x "Kuratani S, Evolutionary developmental studies of cyclostomes and the origin of the vertebrate neck. Development, Growth and Differentiation (2008)"]
EMAPA:17813	phrenic	VHOG:0000728	phrenic nerve	well established	[DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2008.00985.x "Kuratani S, Evolutionary developmental studies of cyclostomes and the origin of the vertebrate neck. Development, Growth and Differentiation (2008)"]
MA:0001170	phrenic nerve	VHOG:0000728	phrenic nerve	well established	[DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2008.00985.x "Kuratani S, Evolutionary developmental studies of cyclostomes and the origin of the vertebrate neck. Development, Growth and Differentiation (2008)"]
EHDAA:4686	labyrinth	VHOG:0000729	membranous labyrinth	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
EMAPA:17815	labyrinth	VHOG:0000729	membranous labyrinth	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
EV:0100367	membranous labyrinth	VHOG:0000729	membranous labyrinth	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
MA:0000242	membranous labyrinth	VHOG:0000729	membranous labyrinth	well established	"The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366"]
EHDAA:2949	median	VHOG:0000730	median lingual swelling	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x]
EMAPA:17187	median	VHOG:0000730	median lingual swelling	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x]
EHDAA:2943	lateral	VHOG:0000731	lateral lingual swelling	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EMAPA:17189	lateral	VHOG:0000731	lateral lingual swelling	well established	"Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x "Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002)"]
EHDAA:2967	lobe	VHOG:0000732	thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EMAPA:18196	lobe	VHOG:0000732	thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EMAPA:18830	lobe	VHOG:0000732	thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
MA:0000131	thyroid gland lobe	VHOG:0000732	thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EHDAA:2971	right lobe	VHOG:0000733	right thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EMAPA:18198	right	VHOG:0000733	right thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EMAPA:18832	right	VHOG:0000733	right thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
MA:0000729	thyroid gland right lobe	VHOG:0000733	right thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EHDAA:2969	left lobe	VHOG:0000734	left thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EMAPA:18197	left	VHOG:0000734	left thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EMAPA:18831	left	VHOG:0000734	left thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
MA:0000728	thyroid gland left lobe	VHOG:0000734	left thyroid lobe	well established	"Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure." [http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm]
EHDAA:7004	urachus	VHOG:0000735	urachus	obvious	
EHDAA:9320	urachus	VHOG:0000735	urachus	obvious	
EMAPA:17957	urachus	VHOG:0000735	urachus	obvious	
EMAPA:18323	urachus	VHOG:0000735	urachus	obvious	
MA:0001701	urachus	VHOG:0000735	urachus	obvious	
EHDAA:4647	vagal X nerve trunk	VHOG:0000736	vagal X nerve trunk	obvious	
EMAPA:17272	vagal X nerve trunk	VHOG:0000736	vagal X nerve trunk	obvious	
MA:0001150	vagus X nerve trunk	VHOG:0000736	vagal X nerve trunk	obvious	
EHDAA:2849	vagal X	VHOG:0000737	vagus X nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
MA:0001106	vagus X nerve	VHOG:0000737	vagus X nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
XAO:0003097	cranial nerve X	VHOG:0000737	vagus X nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
ZFA:0000453	cranial nerve X	VHOG:0000737	vagus X nerve	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625"]
EHDAA:1533	allantois	VHOG:0000738	allantois	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EHDAA:280	primitive allantois	VHOG:0000738	allantois	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EHDAA:3914	allantois	VHOG:0000738	allantois	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EMAPA:16084	allantois	VHOG:0000738	allantois	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EMAPA:16107	allantois	VHOG:0000738	allantois	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EHDAA:5777	isthmus	VHOG:0000739	thyroid gland isthmus	well established	"In mammals and in some reptiles, the thyroid is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus; in birds and amphibians, the thyroid consists of two isolated lobes. (...) Despite these morphological differences, the ontogeny of the thyroid follows the same pattern in all vertebrates (...)." [DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
EMAPA:18195	isthmus	VHOG:0000739	thyroid gland isthmus	well established	"In mammals and in some reptiles, the thyroid is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus; in birds and amphibians, the thyroid consists of two isolated lobes. (...) Despite these morphological differences, the ontogeny of the thyroid follows the same pattern in all vertebrates (...)." [DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
EMAPA:18829	isthmus	VHOG:0000739	thyroid gland isthmus	well established	"In mammals and in some reptiles, the thyroid is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus; in birds and amphibians, the thyroid consists of two isolated lobes. (...) Despite these morphological differences, the ontogeny of the thyroid follows the same pattern in all vertebrates (...)." [DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
MA:0000727	thyroid gland isthmus	VHOG:0000739	thyroid gland isthmus	well established	"In mammals and in some reptiles, the thyroid is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus; in birds and amphibians, the thyroid consists of two isolated lobes. (...) Despite these morphological differences, the ontogeny of the thyroid follows the same pattern in all vertebrates (...)." [DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
EHDAA:9316	bladder	VHOG:0000740	urinary bladder	well established	"In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78"]
EMAPA:18321	bladder	VHOG:0000740	urinary bladder	well established	"In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78"]
EV:0100098	bladder	VHOG:0000740	urinary bladder	well established	"In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78"]
MA:0000380	urinary bladder	VHOG:0000740	urinary bladder	well established	"In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78"]
XAO:0000154	bladder	VHOG:0000740	urinary bladder	well established	"In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78"]
EHDAA:2683	future metencephalon	VHOG:0000741	metencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:3506	future metencephalon	VHOG:0000741	metencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:5486	metencephalon	VHOG:0000741	metencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:17071	metencephalon	VHOG:0000741	metencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
MA:0000197	metencephalon	VHOG:0000741	metencephalon	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:40	inner cell mass	VHOG:0000742	inner cell mass	well established	"A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast  (of all eutherian mammals)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144"]
EMAPA:16041	inner cell mass	VHOG:0000742	inner cell mass	well established	"A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast  (of all eutherian mammals)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144"]
EV:0100395	blastocyst inner cell mass	VHOG:0000742	inner cell mass	well established	"A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast  (of all eutherian mammals)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144"]
EHDAA:2828	inferior	VHOG:0000743	glossopharyngeal IX inferior ganglion	obvious	
EMAPA:17153	inferior	VHOG:0000743	glossopharyngeal IX inferior ganglion	obvious	
MA:0001078	inferior glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	VHOG:0000743	glossopharyngeal IX inferior ganglion	obvious	
EHDAA:2830	superior ganglion	VHOG:0000744	glossopharyngeal IX superior ganglion	obvious	
EMAPA:17154	superior	VHOG:0000744	glossopharyngeal IX superior ganglion	obvious	
MA:0001079	superior glossopharyngeal IX ganglion	VHOG:0000744	glossopharyngeal IX superior ganglion	obvious	
EHDAA:27	one-cell stage	VHOG:0000745	zygote	well established	"As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.107"]
EMAPA:16033	one-cell stage	VHOG:0000745	zygote	well established	"As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.107"]
XAO:0000035	zygote	VHOG:0000745	zygote	well established	"As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.107"]
EHDAA:2140	thryoglossal duct	VHOG:0000746	thyroglossal duct	well established	"A duct, called the thyroglossal duct in mammals, is considered to be characteristic of thyroid development. The thyroglossal duct, degenerating in many species during late development, marks the way the thyroid primordium relocates during embryonic development from the pharynx to its position deep in the cervical mesenchyme. We cannot exclude that the duct of the endostyle and the thyroglossal duct may have evolved independently, but as they both represent a more or less persistent connection of the organ to the pharynx, it is likely that they are homologous structures." [DOI:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 "Kluge B, Renault N, Rohr KB, Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution. Development genes and evolution (2005)"]
EHDAA:2973	thryoglossal duct	VHOG:0000746	thyroglossal duct	well established	"A duct, called the thyroglossal duct in mammals, is considered to be characteristic of thyroid development. The thyroglossal duct, degenerating in many species during late development, marks the way the thyroid primordium relocates during embryonic development from the pharynx to its position deep in the cervical mesenchyme. We cannot exclude that the duct of the endostyle and the thyroglossal duct may have evolved independently, but as they both represent a more or less persistent connection of the organ to the pharynx, it is likely that they are homologous structures." [DOI:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 "Kluge B, Renault N, Rohr KB, Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution. Development genes and evolution (2005)"]
EMAPA:17070	thyroglossal duct	VHOG:0000746	thyroglossal duct	well established	"A duct, called the thyroglossal duct in mammals, is considered to be characteristic of thyroid development. The thyroglossal duct, degenerating in many species during late development, marks the way the thyroid primordium relocates during embryonic development from the pharynx to its position deep in the cervical mesenchyme. We cannot exclude that the duct of the endostyle and the thyroglossal duct may have evolved independently, but as they both represent a more or less persistent connection of the organ to the pharynx, it is likely that they are homologous structures." [DOI:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 "Kluge B, Renault N, Rohr KB, Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution. Development genes and evolution (2005)"]
EMAPA:18833	thyroglossal duct	VHOG:0000746	thyroglossal duct	well established	"A duct, called the thyroglossal duct in mammals, is considered to be characteristic of thyroid development. The thyroglossal duct, degenerating in many species during late development, marks the way the thyroid primordium relocates during embryonic development from the pharynx to its position deep in the cervical mesenchyme. We cannot exclude that the duct of the endostyle and the thyroglossal duct may have evolved independently, but as they both represent a more or less persistent connection of the organ to the pharynx, it is likely that they are homologous structures." [DOI:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 "Kluge B, Renault N, Rohr KB, Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution. Development genes and evolution (2005)"]
MA:0000130	thyroglossal duct	VHOG:0000746	thyroglossal duct	well established	"A duct, called the thyroglossal duct in mammals, is considered to be characteristic of thyroid development. The thyroglossal duct, degenerating in many species during late development, marks the way the thyroid primordium relocates during embryonic development from the pharynx to its position deep in the cervical mesenchyme. We cannot exclude that the duct of the endostyle and the thyroglossal duct may have evolved independently, but as they both represent a more or less persistent connection of the organ to the pharynx, it is likely that they are homologous structures." [DOI:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 "Kluge B, Renault N, Rohr KB, Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution. Development genes and evolution (2005)"]
EHDAA:9140	intrinsic muscle	VHOG:0000748	intrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EMAPA:18280	intrinsic	VHOG:0000748	intrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EMAPA:18885	intrinsic	VHOG:0000748	intrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
MA:0002327	intrinsic tongue muscle	VHOG:0000748	intrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EHDAA:6000	teres major pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000750	teres major	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8309	teres major	VHOG:0000750	teres major	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:19069	teres major	VHOG:0000750	teres major	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:19110	teres major	VHOG:0000750	teres major	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002392	teres major	VHOG:0000750	teres major	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:218	definitive endoderm	VHOG:0000751	definitive endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1101/gad.607311 "Teo AK, Arnold SJ, Trotter MW, Brown S, Ang LT, Chng Z, Robertson EJ, Dunn NR, Vallier L, Pluripotency factors regulate definitive endoderm specification through eomesodermin. Genes and Development (2011)"]
EMAPA:16070	definitive endoderm	VHOG:0000751	definitive endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1101/gad.607311 "Teo AK, Arnold SJ, Trotter MW, Brown S, Ang LT, Chng Z, Robertson EJ, Dunn NR, Vallier L, Pluripotency factors regulate definitive endoderm specification through eomesodermin. Genes and Development (2011)"]
EHDAA:2693	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000753	ventricular layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3520	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000753	ventricular layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5500	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000753	ventricular layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17077	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000753	ventricular layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4643	parasympathetic	VHOG:0000755	parasympathetic nervous system	well established	"In mammals, the autonomic nervous system is divided into two contrasting, antagonistic systems of control over visceral activity: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system (reference 1); In general, the teleosts may be considered phylogenetically the first class of vertebrates in which the heart is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.634", DOI:10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00057-2 "Porges SW, Love: an emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology (1998)"]
EMAPA:17270	parasympathetic	VHOG:0000755	parasympathetic nervous system	well established	"In mammals, the autonomic nervous system is divided into two contrasting, antagonistic systems of control over visceral activity: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system (reference 1); In general, the teleosts may be considered phylogenetically the first class of vertebrates in which the heart is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.634", DOI:10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00057-2 "Porges SW, Love: an emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology (1998)"]
MA:0000223	parasympathetic nervous system	VHOG:0000755	parasympathetic nervous system	well established	"In mammals, the autonomic nervous system is divided into two contrasting, antagonistic systems of control over visceral activity: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system (reference 1); In general, the teleosts may be considered phylogenetically the first class of vertebrates in which the heart is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.634", DOI:10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00057-2 "Porges SW, Love: an emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology (1998)"]
ZFA:0001575	parasympathetic nervous system	VHOG:0000755	parasympathetic nervous system	well established	"In general, the teleosts may be considered phylogenetically the first class of vertebrates in which the heart is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways." [DOI:10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00057-2 "Porges SW, Love: an emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology (1998)"]
EHDAA:4120	pleuroperitoneal folds	VHOG:0000757	pleuroperitoneal fold	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:17709	pleuro-peritoneal folds	VHOG:0000757	pleuroperitoneal fold	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EHDAA:7788	epithelium	VHOG:0000758	posterior semicircular canal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17298	epithelium	VHOG:0000758	posterior semicircular canal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4170	epithelium	VHOG:0000761	shoulder epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6218	epithelium	VHOG:0000761	shoulder epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17422	epithelium	VHOG:0000761	shoulder epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:2655	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000762	ventricular layer lateral wall telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3496	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000762	ventricular layer lateral wall telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16784	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000762	ventricular layer lateral wall telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1469	marginal layer	VHOG:0000763	marginal layer lateral wall neural tube	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17151	marginal layer	VHOG:0000763	marginal layer lateral wall neural tube	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5964	anterior abdominal wall	VHOG:0000764	anterior abdominal wall	inferred	[DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 "Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011)"]
EMAPA:17744	anterior abdominal wall	VHOG:0000764	anterior abdominal wall	inferred	[DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 "Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011)"]
EHDAA:48	cavities	VHOG:0000767	extraembryonic cavities	uncertain	"The profound differences in the developmentof the extraembryonic membranes and cavities between primates and rodents may result in comparing cell types of different developmental origins, eventually leading to missinterpretations." [DOI:10.1387/ijdb.092935md "Dobreva MP, Pereira PN, Deprest J, Zwijsen A, On the origin of amniotic stem cells: of mice and men. The International Journal of Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16054	cavities	VHOG:0000767	extraembryonic cavities	uncertain	"The profound differences in the developmentof the extraembryonic membranes and cavities between primates and rodents may result in comparing cell types of different developmental origins, eventually leading to missinterpretations." [DOI:10.1387/ijdb.092935md "Dobreva MP, Pereira PN, Deprest J, Zwijsen A, On the origin of amniotic stem cells: of mice and men. The International Journal of Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1360	rostral neuropore	VHOG:0000768	rostral neuropore	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:852	rostral neuropore	VHOG:0000768	rostral neuropore	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16523	rostral neuropore	VHOG:0000768	rostral neuropore	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:900	caudal neuropore	VHOG:0000769	caudal neuropore	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16526	caudal neuropore	VHOG:0000769	caudal neuropore	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3560	roof plate	VHOG:0000770	roof plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5512	roof plate	VHOG:0000770	roof plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17259	roof	VHOG:0000770	roof plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1350	roof plate	VHOG:0000771	roof plate diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1967	roof plate	VHOG:0000771	roof plate diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2645	roof plate	VHOG:0000771	roof plate diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3482	roof plate	VHOG:0000771	roof plate diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16519	roof plate	VHOG:0000771	roof plate diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16651	roof plate	VHOG:0000771	roof plate diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16909	roof plate	VHOG:0000771	roof plate diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0001358	roof plate diencephalic region	VHOG:0000771	roof plate diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1336	roof plate	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1953	roof plate	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2677	roof plate	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3700	roof plate	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16285	roof plate	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16477	roof plate	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16981	roof plate	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17262	roof	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000355	roof plate midbrain region	VHOG:0000772	roof plate midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1358	roof plate	VHOG:0000773	roof plate prosencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16522	roof plate	VHOG:0000773	roof plate prosencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1979	roof plate	VHOG:0000774	roof plate telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2657	roof plate	VHOG:0000774	roof plate telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3500	roof plate	VHOG:0000774	roof plate telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16657	roof plate	VHOG:0000774	roof plate telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3674	roof plate	VHOG:0000775	roof plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5538	roof plate	VHOG:0000775	roof plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17261	roof plate	VHOG:0000775	roof plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7602	roof plate	VHOG:0000776	roof plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17562	roof	VHOG:0000776	roof plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17586	roof plate	VHOG:0000777	roof plate spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
XAO:0000022	roof plate	VHOG:0000777	roof plate spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0001177	roof plate spinal cord region	VHOG:0000777	roof plate spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2307	visceral	VHOG:0000778	pericardial visceral mesothelium	well established	"Found in all vertebrates, the VP (visceral pericardium) is also known as the cardiac epimysium. This outermost layer of the epicardium consists of a thin layer of mesothelial cells over a dense network of collagen and elastin fibers." [DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00967.2007 "Jöbsis PD, Ashikaga H, Wen H, Rothstein EC, Horvath KA, McVeigh ER, Balaban RS, The visceral pericardium: macromolecular structure and contribution to passive mechanical properties of the left ventricle. American journal of physiology, Heart and circulatory physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16589	visceral	VHOG:0000778	pericardial visceral mesothelium	well established	"Found in all vertebrates, the VP (visceral pericardium) is also known as the cardiac epimysium. This outermost layer of the epicardium consists of a thin layer of mesothelial cells over a dense network of collagen and elastin fibers." [DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00967.2007 "Jöbsis PD, Ashikaga H, Wen H, Rothstein EC, Horvath KA, McVeigh ER, Balaban RS, The visceral pericardium: macromolecular structure and contribution to passive mechanical properties of the left ventricle. American journal of physiology, Heart and circulatory physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:5143	epithelium	VHOG:0000779	hip epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6168	epithelium	VHOG:0000779	hip epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17491	epithelium	VHOG:0000779	hip epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:1943	floor plate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2663	floor plate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:304	floor plate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3686	floor plate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:834	floor plate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16141	floor plate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16473	floor plate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16975	floor plate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:18572	floorplate	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0001677	floor plate midbrain region	VHOG:0000780	floor plate midbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:312	floor plate	VHOG:0000781	floor plate prosencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:842	floor plate	VHOG:0000781	floor plate prosencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16145	floor plate	VHOG:0000781	floor plate prosencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16513	floor plate	VHOG:0000781	floor plate prosencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1963	floor plate	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2639	floor plate	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3468	floor plate	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:846	floor plate	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16516	floor plate	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16645	floor plate	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16903	floor plate	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:18545	floorplate	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000871	floor plate diencephalic region	VHOG:0000782	floor plate diencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1973	floor plate	VHOG:0000783	floor plate telencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2651	floor plate	VHOG:0000783	floor plate telencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3486	floor plate	VHOG:0000783	floor plate telencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16655	floor plate	VHOG:0000783	floor plate telencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000914	floor plate telencephalic region	VHOG:0000783	floor plate telencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3508	floor plate	VHOG:0000784	floor plate metencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:5488	floor plate	VHOG:0000784	floor plate metencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17258	floor plate	VHOG:0000784	floor plate metencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:18554	floorplate	VHOG:0000784	floor plate metencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3564	floor plate	VHOG:0000785	floor plate myelencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:5516	floor plate	VHOG:0000785	floor plate myelencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17260	floor plate	VHOG:0000785	floor plate myelencephalon	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:7578	floor plate	VHOG:0000786	floor plate medulla oblongata	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17551	floor plate	VHOG:0000786	floor plate medulla oblongata	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17578	floor plate	VHOG:0000787	floor plate spinal cord	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:18573	floorplate	VHOG:0000787	floor plate spinal cord	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
XAO:0000306	floor plate	VHOG:0000787	floor plate spinal cord	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0000890	floor plate spinal cord region	VHOG:0000787	floor plate spinal cord	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:5968	external oblique pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000788	abdominal external oblique muscle	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EHDAA:8236	external oblique	VHOG:0000788	abdominal external oblique muscle	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EMAPA:18162	external oblique	VHOG:0000788	abdominal external oblique muscle	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
MA:0002345	obliquus externus abdominis	VHOG:0000788	abdominal external oblique muscle	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EHDAA:8238	internal oblique	VHOG:0000789	abdominal internal oblique muscle	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EMAPA:18163	internal oblique	VHOG:0000789	abdominal internal oblique muscle	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
MA:0002346	obliquus internus abdominis	VHOG:0000789	abdominal internal oblique muscle	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EHDAA:1906	interventricular groove	VHOG:0000790	interventricular groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1038/nature08324 "Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Mori AD, Kaynak BL, Cebra-Thomas J, Sukonnik T, Georges RO, Latham S, Beck L, Henkelman RM, Black BL, Olson EN, Wade J, Takeuchi JK, Nemer M, Gilbert SF, Bruneau BG, Reptilian heart development and the molecular basis of cardiac chamber evolution. Nature (2009)" ]
EMAPA:17336	interventricular groove	VHOG:0000790	interventricular groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1038/nature08324 "Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Mori AD, Kaynak BL, Cebra-Thomas J, Sukonnik T, Georges RO, Latham S, Beck L, Henkelman RM, Black BL, Olson EN, Wade J, Takeuchi JK, Nemer M, Gilbert SF, Bruneau BG, Reptilian heart development and the molecular basis of cardiac chamber evolution. Nature (2009)" ]
EHDAA:7749	endolymphatic sac	VHOG:0000791	endolymphatic sac	well established	"Many adult anamniotes have an endolymphatic duct that opens onto the surface of the head. In other vertebrates, it either is lost or forms a small, deeply seated endolymphatic sac." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and Figure 12-15"]
EMAPA:17593	endolymphatic sac	VHOG:0000791	endolymphatic sac	well established	"Many adult anamniotes have an endolymphatic duct that opens onto the surface of the head. In other vertebrates, it either is lost or forms a small, deeply seated endolymphatic sac." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and Figure 12-15"]
MA:0001188	endolymphatic sac	VHOG:0000791	endolymphatic sac	well established	"Many adult anamniotes have an endolymphatic duct that opens onto the surface of the head. In other vertebrates, it either is lost or forms a small, deeply seated endolymphatic sac." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and Figure 12-15"]
EHDAA:306	neural fold	VHOG:0000793	neural fold midbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:836	neural fold	VHOG:0000793	neural fold midbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16142	neural fold	VHOG:0000793	neural fold midbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:314	neural fold	VHOG:0000794	neural fold prosencephalon	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:850	neural fold	VHOG:0000794	neural fold prosencephalon	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16146	neural fold	VHOG:0000794	neural fold prosencephalon	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:5695	primary vitreous humour	VHOG:0000795	vitreous humour	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.674 and Figure 17.18"]
EMAPA:17837	vitreous humour	VHOG:0000795	vitreous humour	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.674 and Figure 17.18"]
EV:0100344	vitreous humor	VHOG:0000795	vitreous humour	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.674 and Figure 17.18"]
MA:0001286	vitreous humor	VHOG:0000795	vitreous humour	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.674 and Figure 17.18"]
EHDAA:1334	neural crest	VHOG:0000796	neural crest midbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:308	neural crest	VHOG:0000796	neural crest midbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:360	mesencephalic neural crest	VHOG:0000796	neural crest midbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:838	neural crest	VHOG:0000796	neural crest midbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16143	neural crest	VHOG:0000796	neural crest midbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16476	neural crest	VHOG:0000796	neural crest midbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000935	neural crest midbrain	VHOG:0000796	neural crest midbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1354	neural crest	VHOG:0000797	neural crest prosencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16147	neural crest	VHOG:0000797	neural crest prosencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16524	neural crest	VHOG:0000797	neural crest prosencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1348	neural crest	VHOG:0000798	neural crest diencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16518	neural crest	VHOG:0000798	neural crest diencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000811	neural crest diencephalon	VHOG:0000798	neural crest diencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1977	neural crest	VHOG:0000799	neural crest telencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:3498	neural crest	VHOG:0000799	neural crest telencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000812	neural crest telencephalon	VHOG:0000799	neural crest telencephalon	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:6023	temporal bone	VHOG:0000800	temporal bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.258 and Table 7-1"]
EHDAA:9534	temporal bone	VHOG:0000800	temporal bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.258 and Table 7-1"]
EMAPA:17682	temporal bone	VHOG:0000800	temporal bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.258 and Table 7-1"]
EMAPA:18020	temporal bone	VHOG:0000800	temporal bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.258 and Table 7-1"]
MA:0001476	temporal bone	VHOG:0000800	temporal bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.258 and Table 7-1"]
EHDAA:9376	tunica albuginea	VHOG:0000801	tunica albuginea	uncertain	"The tunica albuginea testis is the major component of the capsule of mammalian testes. (...) Our results from studying the mole provide evidence that the spatio-temporal pattern of testis development is not perfectly conserved in mammals, since we found differences with respect to the mouse testis organogenesis. This fact is even more significant when we consider that, apart from the mouse, the mole is probably the one of the best-known mammalian species in terms of the genetic control of testis development, implying that more peculiarities would be found if more species were investigated." [DOI:10.1387/ijdb.072470fc "Carmona FD, Lupiáñez DG, Martín JE, Burgos M, Jiménez R, Zurita F, The spatio-temporal pattern of testis organogenesis in mammals - insights from the mole. The International Journal of Developmental Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:19289	tunica albuginea	VHOG:0000801	tunica albuginea	uncertain	"The tunica albuginea testis is the major component of the capsule of mammalian testes. (...) Our results from studying the mole provide evidence that the spatio-temporal pattern of testis development is not perfectly conserved in mammals, since we found differences with respect to the mouse testis organogenesis. This fact is even more significant when we consider that, apart from the mouse, the mole is probably the one of the best-known mammalian species in terms of the genetic control of testis development, implying that more peculiarities would be found if more species were investigated." [DOI:10.1387/ijdb.072470fc "Carmona FD, Lupiáñez DG, Martín JE, Burgos M, Jiménez R, Zurita F, The spatio-temporal pattern of testis organogenesis in mammals - insights from the mole. The International Journal of Developmental Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:7987	epithelium	VHOG:0000802	lower jaw epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17908	epithelium	VHOG:0000802	lower jaw epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:5611	ciliary	VHOG:0000805	ciliary ganglion	uncertain	"Little is known about the development of parasympathetic neurons apart from the ciliary ganglion in chicks. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge, some of the mechanisms controlling sympathetic and enteric neuron development appear to be conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish." [DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.002 "Young HM, Cane KN, Anderson CR, Development of the autonomic nervous system: A comparative view. Autonomic Neuroscience : basic and clinical (2010)"]
EMAPA:18222	ciliary ganglion	VHOG:0000805	ciliary ganglion	uncertain	"Little is known about the development of parasympathetic neurons apart from the ciliary ganglion in chicks. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge, some of the mechanisms controlling sympathetic and enteric neuron development appear to be conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish." [DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.002 "Young HM, Cane KN, Anderson CR, Development of the autonomic nervous system: A comparative view. Autonomic Neuroscience : basic and clinical (2010)"]
MA:0001136	ciliary ganglion	VHOG:0000805	ciliary ganglion	uncertain	"Little is known about the development of parasympathetic neurons apart from the ciliary ganglion in chicks. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge, some of the mechanisms controlling sympathetic and enteric neuron development appear to be conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish." [DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.002 "Young HM, Cane KN, Anderson CR, Development of the autonomic nervous system: A comparative view. Autonomic Neuroscience : basic and clinical (2010)"]
EHDAA:3797	lens pit	VHOG:0000806	lens pit	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." The lens pit is an intermediate stage between the lens placode and the lens vesicle. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 Figure 12-27"]
EMAPA:16799	lens pit	VHOG:0000806	lens pit	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." The lens pit is an intermediate stage between the lens placode and the lens vesicle. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 Figure 12-27"]
EHDAA:3464	diencephalic part of interventricular foramen	VHOG:0000808	diencephalic part of interventricular foramen	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16643	diencephalic part of interventricular foramen	VHOG:0000808	diencephalic part of interventricular foramen	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16901	diencephalic part of interventricular foramen	VHOG:0000808	diencephalic part of interventricular foramen	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5462	telencephalic part of interventricular foramen	VHOG:0000809	telencephalic part of interventricular foramen	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16654	telencephalic part of interventricular foramen	VHOG:0000809	telencephalic part of interventricular foramen	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16915	telencephalic part of interventricular foramen	VHOG:0000809	telencephalic part of interventricular foramen	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5149	epithelium	VHOG:0000810	knee epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6174	epithelium	VHOG:0000810	knee epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17494	epithelium	VHOG:0000810	knee epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:101	primary yolk sac cavity	VHOG:0000811	blastocoelic cavity	well established	"In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.150"]
EHDAA:148	secondary yolk sac cavity	VHOG:0000811	blastocoelic cavity	well established	"In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.150"]
EHDAA:50	blastocoelic cavity	VHOG:0000811	blastocoelic cavity	well established	"In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.150"]
EMAPA:16044	blastocoelic cavity	VHOG:0000811	blastocoelic cavity	well established	"In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.150"]
EMAPA:16055	yolk sac cavity	VHOG:0000811	blastocoelic cavity	well established	"In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.150"]
XAO:0000206	blastocoel anlage	VHOG:0000811	blastocoelic cavity	well established	"In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.150"]
XAO:0000294	blastocoel	VHOG:0000811	blastocoelic cavity	well established	"In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.150"]
MA:0002474	mouth	VHOG:0000812	mouth	well established	"Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening." [DOI:10.1038/nature07309 "Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
XAO:0003029	mouth	VHOG:0000812	mouth	well established	"Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening." [DOI:10.1038/nature07309 "Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
ZFA:0000547	mouth	VHOG:0000812	mouth	well established	"Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening." [DOI:10.1038/nature07309 "Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:9017	stapedius muscle	VHOG:0000813	levator operculi - stapedius muscle	well established	"The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398"]
EMAPA:18586	stapedius muscle	VHOG:0000813	levator operculi - stapedius muscle	well established	"The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398"]
MA:0001220	stapedius	VHOG:0000813	levator operculi - stapedius muscle	well established	"The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398"]
ZFA:0000537	levator operculi	VHOG:0000813	levator operculi - stapedius muscle	well established	"The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398"]
EHDAA:4400	pulmonary valve	VHOG:0000814	pulmonary valve	inferred	[DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:17872	pulmonary valve	VHOG:0000814	pulmonary valve	inferred	[DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
MA:0000089	pulmonary valve	VHOG:0000814	pulmonary valve	inferred	[DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:4398	aortic valve	VHOG:0000815	aortic valve	inferred	[DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:17870	aortic valve	VHOG:0000815	aortic valve	inferred	[DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
MA:0000087	aortic valve	VHOG:0000815	aortic valve	inferred	[DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:7415	tricuspid valve	VHOG:0000816	tricuspid valve	well established	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:17873	tricuspid valve	VHOG:0000816	tricuspid valve	well established	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
MA:0000090	tricuspid valve	VHOG:0000816	tricuspid valve	well established	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:7411	bicuspid	VHOG:0000817	mitral valve	well established	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:17871	mitral valve	VHOG:0000817	mitral valve	well established	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
MA:0000088	mitral valve	VHOG:0000817	mitral valve	well established	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:4394	valve	VHOG:0000818	heart valve	well established	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 " Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:17869	valve	VHOG:0000818	heart valve	well established	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 " Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EV:0100024	cardiac valve	VHOG:0000818	heart valve	well established	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 " Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
MA:0000086	heart valve	VHOG:0000818	heart valve	well established	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 " Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:7421	leaflets	VHOG:0000819	aortic valve leaflets	uncertain	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 " Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:18627	leaflets	VHOG:0000819	aortic valve leaflets	uncertain	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 " Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:7424	leaflets	VHOG:0000820	pulmonary valve leaflets	uncertain	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 " Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:18629	leaflets	VHOG:0000820	pulmonary valve leaflets	uncertain	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 " Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:7417	leaflets	VHOG:0000821	tricuspid valve leaflets	uncertain	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:18630	leaflets	VHOG:0000821	tricuspid valve leaflets	uncertain	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:7413	leaflets	VHOG:0000822	mitral valve leaflets	uncertain	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EMAPA:18628	leaflets	VHOG:0000822	mitral valve leaflets	uncertain	"The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:10549	masseter	VHOG:0000823	masseter	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4"]
EMAPA:18173	masseter	VHOG:0000823	masseter	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4"]
MA:0002343	masseter	VHOG:0000823	masseter	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4"]
EHDAA:3764	nerve	VHOG:0000824	spinal nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16989	nerve	VHOG:0000824	spinal nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0000233	spinal nerve	VHOG:0000824	spinal nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
XAO:0003101	spinal nerve	VHOG:0000824	spinal nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:9136	extrinsic muscle	VHOG:0000825	extrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EMAPA:17884	extrinsic pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000825	extrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EMAPA:18275	extrinsic	VHOG:0000825	extrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EMAPA:18880	extrinsic	VHOG:0000825	extrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
MA:0002296	extrinsic tongue muscle	VHOG:0000825	extrinsic tongue muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EHDAA:2138	foramen caecum	VHOG:0000826	foramen caecum	inferred	[DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
EHDAA:2965	foramen caecum	VHOG:0000826	foramen caecum	inferred	[DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
EMAPA:17069	foramen caecum	VHOG:0000826	foramen caecum	inferred	[DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
EMAPA:18828	foramen caecum	VHOG:0000826	foramen caecum	inferred	[DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
MA:0000725	foramen caecum	VHOG:0000826	foramen caecum	inferred	[DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 "De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004)"]
EHDAA:2325	cavity	VHOG:0000827	omental bursa cavity	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18461	cavity	VHOG:0000827	omental bursa cavity	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:8287	quadriceps	VHOG:0000828	quadriceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:19073	quadriceps	VHOG:0000828	quadriceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:19146	quadriceps	VHOG:0000828	quadriceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002363	quadriceps	VHOG:0000828	quadriceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:10196	inner canthus	VHOG:0000829	inner canthus	inferred	[PMID:8270467 "Findlater GS, McDougall RD, Kaufman MH, Eyelid development, fusion and subsequent reopening in the mouse. J Anat (1993)"]
EMAPA:17830	inner canthus	VHOG:0000829	inner canthus	inferred	[PMID:8270467 "Findlater GS, McDougall RD, Kaufman MH, Eyelid development, fusion and subsequent reopening in the mouse. J Anat (1993)"]
MA:0001262	inner canthus	VHOG:0000829	inner canthus	inferred	[PMID:8270467 "Findlater GS, McDougall RD, Kaufman MH, Eyelid development, fusion and subsequent reopening in the mouse. J Anat (1993)"]
EHDAA:164	yolk sac	VHOG:0000830	yolk sac	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EMAPA:16085	yolk sac	VHOG:0000830	yolk sac	well established	"Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187"]
EHDAA:4959	accessory lobe	VHOG:0000831	right lung accessory lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:8183	accessory lobe	VHOG:0000831	right lung accessory lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:17981	accessory lobe	VHOG:0000831	right lung accessory lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
MA:0000427	right lung accessory lobe	VHOG:0000831	right lung accessory lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:1332	mesencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:1951	mesencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:2675	mesencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:3684	cerebral aqueduct	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16475	mesencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:16980	mesencephalic vesicle	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EMAPA:17795	cerebral aqueduct	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EV:0100309	cerebral aqueduct	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
MA:0000208	cerebral aqueduct	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
ZFA:0000159	tectal ventricle	VHOG:0000832	cerebral aqueduct	well established	"The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500"]
EHDAA:5468	olfactory lobe	VHOG:0000833	olfactory lobe	well established	" (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex." [DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x "Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008)"]
EMAPA:17778	olfactory lobe	VHOG:0000833	olfactory lobe	well established	" (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex." [DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x "Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008)"]
MA:0002413	olfactory lobe	VHOG:0000833	olfactory lobe	well established	" (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex." [DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x "Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008)"]
EHDAA:5033	trapezius pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000834	trapezius	well established	"The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345"]
EMAPA:18183	trapezius	VHOG:0000834	trapezius	well established	"The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345"]
MA:0002398	trapezius	VHOG:0000834	trapezius	well established	"The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345"]
EHDAA:8665	lymphatic system	VHOG:0000842	lymphatic system	well established	"Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627"]
EMAPA:18248	lymphatic system	VHOG:0000842	lymphatic system	well established	"Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627"]
EV:0100048	lymphoreticular system	VHOG:0000842	lymphatic system	well established	"Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627"]
MA:0002435	lymphoid system	VHOG:0000842	lymphatic system	well established	"Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627"]
EHDAA:8283	hamstring	VHOG:0000844	hamstring	inferred	[DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0734:AAATEO>2.0.CO;2 "Hutchinson JR, Gatesy SM, Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology (2000)"]
EMAPA:19072	hamstring	VHOG:0000844	hamstring	inferred	[DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0734:AAATEO>2.0.CO;2 "Hutchinson JR, Gatesy SM, Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology (2000)"]
EMAPA:19145	hamstrings	VHOG:0000844	hamstring	inferred	[DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0734:AAATEO>2.0.CO;2 "Hutchinson JR, Gatesy SM, Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology (2000)"]
MA:0002312	hamstring muscle	VHOG:0000844	hamstring	inferred	[DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0734:AAATEO>2.0.CO;2 "Hutchinson JR, Gatesy SM, Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology (2000)"]
EHDAA:8242	transversus abdominis	VHOG:0000845	transversus abdominis	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EMAPA:18165	transversus abdominis	VHOG:0000845	transversus abdominis	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
MA:0002396	transversus abdominis	VHOG:0000845	transversus abdominis	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EHDAA:5990	deltoid pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000846	deltoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8291	deltoid pre-muscle	VHOG:0000846	deltoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:17749	deltoid pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000846	deltoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18177	deltoid	VHOG:0000846	deltoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002286	deltoid	VHOG:0000846	deltoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:9138	genioglossus	VHOG:0000847	genioglossus	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587, DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 "Table 7"]
EMAPA:18276	genioglossus	VHOG:0000847	genioglossus	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587, DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 "Table 7"]
EMAPA:18881	genioglossus	VHOG:0000847	genioglossus	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587, DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 "Table 7"]
MA:0002307	genioglossus	VHOG:0000847	genioglossus	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587, DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 "Table 7"]
EHDAA:8307	supraspinatus	VHOG:0000848	supraspinatus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18182	supraspinatus	VHOG:0000848	supraspinatus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002389	supraspinatus	VHOG:0000848	supraspinatus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8354	clavicle bone primordium	VHOG:0000849	clavicle	well established	"In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (...) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18"]
EMAPA:18721	clavicle	VHOG:0000849	clavicle	well established	"In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (...) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18"]
MA:0001329	clavicle	VHOG:0000849	clavicle	well established	"In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (...) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18"]
EHDAA:8305	subscapularis	VHOG:0000850	subscapularis	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:17750	subscapularis pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000850	subscapularis	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18181	subscapularis	VHOG:0000850	subscapularis	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002388	subscapularis	VHOG:0000850	subscapularis	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8275	triceps	VHOG:0000851	triceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:19070	triceps	VHOG:0000851	triceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:19111	triceps	VHOG:0000851	triceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002399	triceps brachii	VHOG:0000851	triceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:644	cavity	VHOG:0000852	peritoneal cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:16138	cavity	VHOG:0000852	peritoneal cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:18452	peritoneal cavity	VHOG:0000852	peritoneal cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
MA:0000054	peritoneal cavity	VHOG:0000852	peritoneal cavity	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EHDAA:5027	sterno-mastoid pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000853	sterno-mastoid	well established	"The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345"]
EMAPA:18175	sterno-mastoid	VHOG:0000853	sterno-mastoid	well established	"The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345"]
MA:0002384	sternomastoid	VHOG:0000853	sterno-mastoid	well established	"The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345"]
EHDAA:4692	otic capsule	VHOG:0000854	otic capsule	well established	"Otic capsules develop around the parts of the ear that lie within the chondrocranium. This part of the ear, known as the inner ear, is composed of the semicircular ducts and associated sacs that contain the receptive cells for equilibrium and hearing (reference 1); (...) considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.235", DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 "Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000)"]
EMAPA:17596	otic capsule	VHOG:0000854	otic capsule	well established	"Otic capsules develop around the parts of the ear that lie within the chondrocranium. This part of the ear, known as the inner ear, is composed of the semicircular ducts and associated sacs that contain the receptive cells for equilibrium and hearing (reference 1); (...) considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.235", DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 "Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000)"]
MA:0000252	otic capsule	VHOG:0000854	otic capsule	well established	"Otic capsules develop around the parts of the ear that lie within the chondrocranium. This part of the ear, known as the inner ear, is composed of the semicircular ducts and associated sacs that contain the receptive cells for equilibrium and hearing (reference 1); (...) considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.235", DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 "Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000)"]
ZFA:0001500	auditory capsule	VHOG:0000854	otic capsule	well established	"Otic capsules develop around the parts of the ear that lie within the chondrocranium. This part of the ear, known as the inner ear, is composed of the semicircular ducts and associated sacs that contain the receptive cells for equilibrium and hearing (reference 1); (...) considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.235", DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 "Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000)"]
EHDAA:83	amniotic cavity	VHOG:0000855	amniotic cavity	well established	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.352-353"]
EMAPA:16079	amniotic cavity	VHOG:0000855	amniotic cavity	well established	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.352-353"]
EHDAA:9549	sternum	VHOG:0000856	sternum	well established	"Fishes lack a sternum. (...) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (...) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.294"]
EMAPA:18344	sternum	VHOG:0000856	sternum	well established	"Fishes lack a sternum. (...) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (...) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.294"]
MA:0001331	sternum	VHOG:0000856	sternum	well established	"Fishes lack a sternum. (...) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (...) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.294"]
EHDAA:4967	caudal lobe	VHOG:0000857	right lung caudal lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:8195	caudal lobe	VHOG:0000857	right lung caudal lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:17986	caudal lobe	VHOG:0000857	right lung caudal lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
MA:0000428	right lung caudal lobe	VHOG:0000857	right lung caudal lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:2315	greater sac	VHOG:0000858	greater sac	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:16885	greater sac	VHOG:0000858	greater sac	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:18453	greater sac	VHOG:0000858	greater sac	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
MA:0000448	peritoneal cavity greater sac	VHOG:0000858	greater sac	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:4975	cranial lobe	VHOG:0000859	right lung cranial lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:8205	cranial lobe	VHOG:0000859	right lung cranial lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:17991	cranial lobe	VHOG:0000859	right lung cranial lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
MA:0000429	right lung cranial lobe	VHOG:0000859	right lung cranial lobe	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:6518	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:17525	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18051	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18056	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18059	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18062	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18067	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18072	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18077	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18082	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18087	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18090	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18093	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18096	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18099	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18103	rest of skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18108	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18113	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18118	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18123	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18128	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18131	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18134	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18137	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18140	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18148	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18151	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18156	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18159	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18199	rest of skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18486	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EMAPA:18504	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EV:0100152	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
MA:0000151	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
XAO:0000023	skin	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
ZFA:0000368	integument	VHOG:0000860	skin	well established	" (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...)." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x "Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009)"]
EHDAA:8267	biceps	VHOG:0000861	biceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.342-343 and Figure 10-20 and Table 10-7"]
EMAPA:19067	biceps	VHOG:0000861	biceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.342-343 and Figure 10-20 and Table 10-7"]
EMAPA:19108	biceps	VHOG:0000861	biceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.342-343 and Figure 10-20 and Table 10-7"]
MA:0002269	biceps brachii	VHOG:0000861	biceps	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.342-343 and Figure 10-20 and Table 10-7"]
EHDAA:9268	philtrum	VHOG:0000862	philtrum	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
EMAPA:17926	philtrum	VHOG:0000862	philtrum	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
MA:0001577	lip philtrum	VHOG:0000862	philtrum	well established	[DOI:10.1242/dev.01705 "Helms JA, Cordero D, Tapadia MD, New insights into craniofacial morphogenesis. Development (2005) Figure 1"]
EHDAA:8240	rectus abdominis	VHOG:0000863	rectus abdominis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.340-342 and Figure 10-19"]
EMAPA:18164	rectus abdominis	VHOG:0000863	rectus abdominis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.340-342 and Figure 10-19"]
MA:0002364	rectus abdominis	VHOG:0000863	rectus abdominis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.340-342 and Figure 10-19"]
EHDAA:7588	marginal layer	VHOG:0000864	marginal layer alar plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17555	marginal layer	VHOG:0000864	marginal layer alar plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7596	marginal layer	VHOG:0000865	marginal layer basal plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17559	marginal layer	VHOG:0000865	marginal layer basal plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2667	marginal layer	VHOG:0000866	marginal layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3692	marginal layer	VHOG:0000866	marginal layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16978	marginal layer	VHOG:0000866	marginal layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3478	marginal layer	VHOG:0000867	marginal layer lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16907	marginal layer	VHOG:0000867	marginal layer lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5438	marginal layer	VHOG:0000868	marginal layer hypothalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17538	marginal layer	VHOG:0000868	marginal layer hypothalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4460	marginal layer	VHOG:0000869	marginal layer thalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17542	marginal layer	VHOG:0000869	marginal layer thalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4480	marginal layer	VHOG:0000870	marginal layer telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16912	marginal layer	VHOG:0000870	marginal layer telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5474	marginal layer	VHOG:0000871	marginal layer olfactory cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17781	marginal layer	VHOG:0000871	marginal layer olfactory cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2691	marginal layer	VHOG:0000872	marginal layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3518	marginal layer	VHOG:0000872	marginal layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5498	marginal layer	VHOG:0000872	marginal layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17076	marginal layer	VHOG:0000872	marginal layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2697	marginal layer	VHOG:0000873	marginal layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3526	marginal layer	VHOG:0000873	marginal layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5506	marginal layer	VHOG:0000873	marginal layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17080	marginal layer	VHOG:0000873	marginal layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2733	marginal layer	VHOG:0000874	marginal layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3572	marginal layer	VHOG:0000874	marginal layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5524	marginal layer	VHOG:0000874	marginal layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17086	marginal layer	VHOG:0000874	marginal layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2739	marginal layer	VHOG:0000875	marginal layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3580	marginal layer	VHOG:0000875	marginal layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5532	marginal layer	VHOG:0000875	marginal layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17090	marginal layer	VHOG:0000875	marginal layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1650	branchial membrane	VHOG:0000876	3rd pharyngeal membrane	well established	"In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings." [ISBN:978-0124020603 "Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72"]
EMAPA:16583	branchial membrane	VHOG:0000876	3rd pharyngeal membrane	well established	"In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings." [ISBN:978-0124020603 "Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72"]
EHDAA:1634	branchial membrane	VHOG:0000877	2nd pharyngeal membrane	well established	"In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings." [ISBN:978-0124020603 "Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72"]
EMAPA:16273	branchial membrane	VHOG:0000877	2nd pharyngeal membrane	well established	"In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings." [ISBN:978-0124020603 "Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72"]
EHDAA:4836	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0000878	fundus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17888	epithelium	VHOG:0000878	fundus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:18893	epithelium	VHOG:0000878	fundus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:2669	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000879	ventricular layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3694	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000879	ventricular layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16785	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000879	ventricular layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16979	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000879	ventricular layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2643	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000880	ventricular layer lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3480	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000880	ventricular layer lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16782	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000880	ventricular layer lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16908	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000880	ventricular layer lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4482	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000882	ventricular layer telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16783	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000882	ventricular layer telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16913	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000882	ventricular layer telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1471	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000883	ventricular layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2875	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000883	ventricular layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4637	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000883	ventricular layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17152	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000883	ventricular layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17585	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000883	ventricular layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5425	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000884	ventricular layer epithalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17535	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000884	ventricular layer epithalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5440	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000885	ventricular layer hypothalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17539	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000885	ventricular layer hypothalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3472	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000886	ventricular layer thalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17543	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000886	ventricular layer thalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5476	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000887	ventricular layer olfactory cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17782	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000887	ventricular layer olfactory cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2699	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000889	ventricular layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3528	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000889	ventricular layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5508	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000889	ventricular layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17081	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000889	ventricular layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2735	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000890	ventricular layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3574	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000890	ventricular layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5526	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000890	ventricular layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17087	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000890	ventricular layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2741	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000891	ventricular layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3582	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000891	ventricular layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5534	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000891	ventricular layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17091	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000891	ventricular layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7590	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000892	ventricular layer alar plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17556	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000892	ventricular layer alar plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7598	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000893	ventricular layer basal plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17560	ventricular layer	VHOG:0000893	ventricular layer basal plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5647	sciatic nerve	VHOG:0000894	sciatic nerve	inferred	Sciatic nerve is a somatic nerve. [DOI:10.1093/icb/icn012 "Lacalli TC, Head organization and the head/trunk relationship in protochordates: problems and prospects. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2008)"]
EMAPA:17811	sciatic	VHOG:0000894	sciatic nerve	inferred	Sciatic nerve is a somatic nerve. [DOI:10.1093/icb/icn012 "Lacalli TC, Head organization and the head/trunk relationship in protochordates: problems and prospects. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2008)"]
EMAPA:18577	sciatic nerve	VHOG:0000894	sciatic nerve	inferred	Sciatic nerve is a somatic nerve. [DOI:10.1093/icb/icn012 "Lacalli TC, Head organization and the head/trunk relationship in protochordates: problems and prospects. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2008)"]
MA:0001172	sciatic nerve	VHOG:0000894	sciatic nerve	inferred	Sciatic nerve is a somatic nerve. [DOI:10.1093/icb/icn012 "Lacalli TC, Head organization and the head/trunk relationship in protochordates: problems and prospects. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2008)"]
EHDAA:8299	pectoralis major	VHOG:0000895	pectoralis major	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18179	pectoralis major	VHOG:0000895	pectoralis major	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002354	pectoralis major	VHOG:0000895	pectoralis major	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:5638	radial nerve	VHOG:0000896	radial nerve	inferred	Radial nerve is a somatic nerve. [DOI:10.1093/icb/icn012 "Lacalli TC, Head organization and the head/trunk relationship in protochordates: problems and prospects. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2008)"]
EMAPA:17278	radial nerve	VHOG:0000896	radial nerve	inferred	Radial nerve is a somatic nerve. [DOI:10.1093/icb/icn012 "Lacalli TC, Head organization and the head/trunk relationship in protochordates: problems and prospects. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2008)"]
MA:0001171	radial nerve	VHOG:0000896	radial nerve	inferred	Radial nerve is a somatic nerve. [DOI:10.1093/icb/icn012 "Lacalli TC, Head organization and the head/trunk relationship in protochordates: problems and prospects. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2008)"]
EHDAA:91	syncytiotrophoblast	VHOG:0000897	polar trophectoderm syncytiotrophoblast	well established	In the common ancestor of living placental mammals the interhaemal barrier had a syncytiotrophoblast. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16068	syncytiotrophoblast	VHOG:0000897	polar trophectoderm syncytiotrophoblast	well established	In the common ancestor of living placental mammals the interhaemal barrier had a syncytiotrophoblast. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EHDAA:2869	basal column	VHOG:0000898	basal column spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4631	basal columns	VHOG:0000898	basal column spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17150	basal columns	VHOG:0000898	basal column spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17582	basal columns	VHOG:0000898	basal column spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2867	alar column	VHOG:0000899	alar column spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4629	alar columns	VHOG:0000899	alar column spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17149	alar columns	VHOG:0000899	alar column spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17581	alar columns	VHOG:0000899	alar column spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2839	nerve	VHOG:0000900	central nervous system nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17263	nerve	VHOG:0000900	central nervous system nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EV:0100371	peripheral nerve	VHOG:0000901	peripheral nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0000228	peripheral nerve	VHOG:0000901	peripheral nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:8301	pectoralis minor	VHOG:0000902	pectoralis minor	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18180	pectoralis minor	VHOG:0000902	pectoralis minor	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002355	pectoralis minor	VHOG:0000902	pectoralis minor	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:5976	intercostal	VHOG:0000903	intercostal muscle	well established	"Inspiration by active expansion of the thorax evolved later, in the ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals. This was powered originally by the intercostal muscles (as in lizards or crocodilians) and later (in mammals only) by a muscular diaphragm." [ISBN:978-0262112789 "Kent RD, The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders (20039 p.56"]
EMAPA:18521	intercostal	VHOG:0000903	intercostal muscle	well established	"Inspiration by active expansion of the thorax evolved later, in the ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals. This was powered originally by the intercostal muscles (as in lizards or crocodilians) and later (in mammals only) by a muscular diaphragm." [ISBN:978-0262112789 "Kent RD, The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders (20039 p.56"]
MA:0002324	intercostales	VHOG:0000903	intercostal muscle	well established	"Inspiration by active expansion of the thorax evolved later, in the ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals. This was powered originally by the intercostal muscles (as in lizards or crocodilians) and later (in mammals only) by a muscular diaphragm." [ISBN:978-0262112789 "Kent RD, The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders (20039 p.56"]
EHDAA:5978	external pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000904	intercostales externus	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EHDAA:8248	external	VHOG:0000904	intercostales externus	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EMAPA:18522	external layer	VHOG:0000904	intercostales externus	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
MA:0002325	intercostales externus	VHOG:0000904	intercostales externus	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EHDAA:8250	internal	VHOG:0000905	intercostales internus	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EMAPA:18523	internal layer	VHOG:0000905	intercostales internus	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
MA:0002326	intercostales internus	VHOG:0000905	intercostales internus	well established	"Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193"]
EHDAA:3570	mantle layer	VHOG:0000906	mantle layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5522	mantle layer	VHOG:0000906	mantle layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17085	mantle layer	VHOG:0000906	mantle layer alar plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3578	mantle layer	VHOG:0000907	mantle layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5530	mantle layer	VHOG:0000907	mantle layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17089	mantle layer	VHOG:0000907	mantle layer basal plate myelencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7586	mantle layer	VHOG:0000908	mantle layer alar plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17554	mantle layer	VHOG:0000908	mantle layer alar plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7594	mantle layer	VHOG:0000909	mantle layer basal plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17558	mantle layer	VHOG:0000909	mantle layer basal plate medulla oblongata	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3690	mantle layer	VHOG:0000910	mantle layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16977	mantle layer	VHOG:0000910	mantle layer lateral wall midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2865	mantle layer	VHOG:0000911	mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4627	mantle layer	VHOG:0000911	mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17148	mantle layer	VHOG:0000911	mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17580	mantle layer	VHOG:0000911	mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3476	mantle layer	VHOG:0000912	mantle layer lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16906	mantle layer	VHOG:0000912	mantle layer lateral wall diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5423	mantle layer	VHOG:0000913	mantle layer epithalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17533	mantle layer	VHOG:0000913	mantle layer epithalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5436	mantle layer	VHOG:0000914	mantle layer hypothalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17537	mantle layer	VHOG:0000914	mantle layer hypothalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7506	mantle layer	VHOG:0000915	mantle layer thalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17541	mantle layer	VHOG:0000915	mantle layer thalamus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4478	mantle layer	VHOG:0000916	mantle layer telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16911	mantle layer	VHOG:0000916	mantle layer telencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5472	mantle layer	VHOG:0000917	mantle layer olfactory cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17780	mantle layer	VHOG:0000917	mantle layer olfactory cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3516	mantle layer	VHOG:0000918	mantle layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5496	mantle layer	VHOG:0000918	mantle layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17075	mantle layer	VHOG:0000918	mantle layer alar plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3524	mantle layer	VHOG:0000919	mantle layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:5504	mantle layer	VHOG:0000919	mantle layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17079	mantle layer	VHOG:0000919	mantle layer basal plate metencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3766	segmental spinal nerve	VHOG:0000920	segmental spinal nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16990	segmental spinal nerve	VHOG:0000920	segmental spinal nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18373	segmental spinal nerve	VHOG:0000920	segmental spinal nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0000234	segmental spinal nerve	VHOG:0000920	segmental spinal nerve	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:8293	infraspinatus	VHOG:0000921	infraspinatus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18526	infraspinatus	VHOG:0000921	infraspinatus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002323	infraspinatus	VHOG:0000921	infraspinatus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:5640	ulna nerve	VHOG:0000922	ulnar nerve	well established	[DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19030447.x "Koizumi M, Sakai T, On the morphology of the brachial plexus of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus).  Journal of Anatomy (1997)"]
EMAPA:17279	ulnar nerve	VHOG:0000922	ulnar nerve	well established	[DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19030447.x "Koizumi M, Sakai T, On the morphology of the brachial plexus of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus).  Journal of Anatomy (1997)"]
MA:0001174	ulnar nerve	VHOG:0000922	ulnar nerve	well established	[DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19030447.x "Koizumi M, Sakai T, On the morphology of the brachial plexus of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus).  Journal of Anatomy (1997)"]
EHDAA:6450	ductus arteriosus	VHOG:0000923	ductus arteriosus	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:7336	ductus arteriosus	VHOG:0000923	ductus arteriosus	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:7401	ductus arteriosus	VHOG:0000923	ductus arteriosus	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:17858	ductus arteriosus	VHOG:0000923	ductus arteriosus	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
MA:0001947	ductus arteriosis	VHOG:0000923	ductus arteriosus	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:4420	future ductus venosus	VHOG:0000924	ductus venosus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.485-487 and Figure 12.42"]
EHDAA:5390	ductus venosus	VHOG:0000924	ductus venosus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.485-487 and Figure 12.42"]
EMAPA:17343	ductus venosus	VHOG:0000924	ductus venosus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.485-487 and Figure 12.42"]
MA:0002111	ductus venosus	VHOG:0000924	ductus venosus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.485-487 and Figure 12.42"]
EHDAA:3768	nerve plexus	VHOG:0000925	spinal nerve plexus	well established	[DOI:10.1038/ncomms1045 "Ma LH, Gilland E, Bass AH, Baker R, Ancestry of motor innervation to pectoral fin and forelimb. Nature Communication (2010)"]
EMAPA:16987	nerve plexus	VHOG:0000925	spinal nerve plexus	well established	[DOI:10.1038/ncomms1045 "Ma LH, Gilland E, Bass AH, Baker R, Ancestry of motor innervation to pectoral fin and forelimb. Nature Communication (2010)"]
MA:0000235	spinal nerve plexus	VHOG:0000925	spinal nerve plexus	well established	[DOI:10.1038/ncomms1045 "Ma LH, Gilland E, Bass AH, Baker R, Ancestry of motor innervation to pectoral fin and forelimb. Nature Communication (2010)"]
EHDAA:4661	lumbosacral plexus	VHOG:0000926	lumbosacral plexus	well established	"To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436"]
EMAPA:17587	lumbo-sacral plexus	VHOG:0000926	lumbosacral plexus	well established	"To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436"]
MA:0001181	lumbosacral plexus	VHOG:0000926	lumbosacral plexus	well established	"To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436"]
EHDAA:7431	membraneous part	VHOG:0000927	membranous part interventricular septum	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:18246	membranous part	VHOG:0000927	membranous part interventricular septum	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:10553	temporalis	VHOG:0000929	temporalis	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and Table 10-4"]
EMAPA:18176	temporalis	VHOG:0000929	temporalis	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and Table 10-4"]
MA:0002390	temporalis	VHOG:0000929	temporalis	well established	"The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and Table 10-4"]
EHDAA:5992	latissimus dorsi pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000930	latissimus dorsi	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8295	latissimus dorsi	VHOG:0000930	latissimus dorsi	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18178	latissimus dorsi	VHOG:0000930	latissimus dorsi	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002331	latissimus dorsi	VHOG:0000930	latissimus dorsi	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8258	platysma	VHOG:0000931	platysma	well established	"One of these (facial muscles in mammals), the platysma, is an unspecialized muscle derived from the hyoid arch." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398"]
EMAPA:18190	platysma	VHOG:0000931	platysma	well established	"One of these (facial muscles in mammals), the platysma, is an unspecialized muscle derived from the hyoid arch." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398"]
EHDAA:2574	endocardial cushion tissue	VHOG:0000932	endocardial cushion	well established	" (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve." [DOI:10.1038/35047564 "Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3"]
EMAPA:16696	endocardial cushion tissue	VHOG:0000932	endocardial cushion	well established	" (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve." [DOI:10.1038/35047564 "Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3"]
MA:0000078	endocardial cushion	VHOG:0000932	endocardial cushion	well established	" (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve." [DOI:10.1038/35047564 "Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3"]
ZFA:0001317	endocardial cushion	VHOG:0000932	endocardial cushion	well established	" (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve." [DOI:10.1038/35047564 "Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3"]
EHDAA:7159	dome	VHOG:0000933	diaphragm dome	well established	"In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs." [DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 "Brainerd EL, Owerkowicz T, Functional morphology and evolution of aspiration breathing in tetrapods. Respiratory physiology and neurobiology (2006)"]
EMAPA:18046	dome	VHOG:0000933	diaphragm dome	well established	"In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs." [DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 "Brainerd EL, Owerkowicz T, Functional morphology and evolution of aspiration breathing in tetrapods. Respiratory physiology and neurobiology (2006)"]
EHDAA:3056	vascular element	VHOG:0000935	right lung vascular element	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:4985	vascular element	VHOG:0000935	right lung vascular element	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:16736	vascular element	VHOG:0000935	right lung vascular element	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EMAPA:17668	vascular element	VHOG:0000935	right lung vascular element	inferred	[PMID:11233389 "Muster AJ, Idriss RF, Backer CL, The left-side aortic arch in humans, viewed as the end-result of natural selection during vertebrate evolution. Cardiology in the young (2001)"]
EHDAA:426	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000936	heart cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1038/35047564 "Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3"]
EMAPA:16209	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000936	heart cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1038/35047564 "Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3"]
ZFA:0001318	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000936	heart cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1038/35047564 "Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3"]
EHDAA:442	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000937	bulbus cordis caudal half cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:772	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000937	bulbus cordis caudal half cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16218	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000937	bulbus cordis caudal half cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16335	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000937	bulbus cordis caudal half cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:1271	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000938	left atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16814	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000938	left atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:1279	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000939	right atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16821	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000939	right atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:466	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000940	outflow tract cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:800	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000940	outflow tract cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16230	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000940	outflow tract cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16347	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000940	outflow tract cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:458	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000941	atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:788	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000941	atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16226	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000941	atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16343	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000941	atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16690	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000941	atrium cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:450	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000942	bulbus cordis rostral half cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:780	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000942	bulbus cordis rostral half cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16222	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000942	bulbus cordis rostral half cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16339	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000942	bulbus cordis rostral half cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:1910	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000943	ventricle cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:1918	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000943	ventricle cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:474	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000943	ventricle cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:808	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000943	ventricle cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16234	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000943	ventricle cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:16351	cardiac jelly	VHOG:0000943	ventricle cardiac jelly	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:6086	digit 1	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6092	digit 2	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6102	digit 3	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6112	digit 4	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6122	digit 5	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6232	digit 1	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6242	digit 2	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6252	digit 3	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6262	digit 4	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:6272	digit 5	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17429	digit 1	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17432	digit 2	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17435	digit 3	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17438	digit 4	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17441	digit 5	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17460	digit 1	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17463	digit 2	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17466	digit 3	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17469	digit 4	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:17472	digit 5	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
MA:0000041	hand digit	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
MA:0000048	foot digit	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
XAO:0003035	hind digit	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
XAO:0003036	fore digit	VHOG:0000944	digit	well established	"Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues." [DOI:10.1038/nature07339 "Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008)"]
EHDAA:5011	primitive pelvis of ureter	VHOG:0000945	metanephros pelvis	well established	"The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EHDAA:8087	primitive pelvis of ureter	VHOG:0000945	metanephros pelvis	well established	"The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EMAPA:17948	pelvis	VHOG:0000945	metanephros pelvis	well established	"The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
MA:0000374	kidney pelvis	VHOG:0000945	metanephros pelvis	well established	"The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639"]
EHDAA:1090	ectoderm	VHOG:0000946	3rd pharyngeal arch ectoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16400	ectoderm	VHOG:0000946	3rd pharyngeal arch ectoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:6098	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6108	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6118	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6128	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:7192	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17725	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17727	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17729	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17731	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17733	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000948	metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:4166	radius-ulna pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000949	radius-ulna pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17420	radius-ulna pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000949	radius-ulna pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:4180	humerus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000950	humerus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17427	humerus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000950	humerus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:5165	femur pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000951	femur pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6194	femur pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000951	femur pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17502	femur pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000951	femur pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6100	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6110	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6120	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6130	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:7194	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17726	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17728	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17730	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17732	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17734	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000952	foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6238	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6248	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6258	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6268	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6278	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17714	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17716	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17718	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17720	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17722	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000953	metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6240	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6250	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6260	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6270	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6280	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17715	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17717	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17719	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17721	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17723	phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000954	hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6312	carpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000955	carpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17724	carpus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000955	carpus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:5687	stapes pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000956	stapes pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17827	stapes pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000956	stapes pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:9012	incus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000957	incus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17825	incus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000957	incus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:9014	malleus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000958	malleus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17826	malleus pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000958	malleus pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6021	basioccipital pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000959	basioccipital pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18012	basioccipital pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000959	basioccipital pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6029	scapula pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000960	scapula pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18027	scapula pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000960	scapula pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:9553	sternebral bone pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000961	sternebral bone pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18345	sternebral bone pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000961	sternebral bone pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:7141	ischial pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000962	ischial pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18348	ischial pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000962	ischial pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8343	exoccipital pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000963	exoccipital pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18014	exoccipital pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000963	exoccipital pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:7139	iliac pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000964	iliac pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18029	iliac pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000964	iliac pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:7143	pubic pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000965	pubic pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18349	pubic pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000965	pubic pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:1086	branchial pouch	VHOG:0000966	pharyngeal pouch 3	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EMAPA:16586	branchial pouch	VHOG:0000966	pharyngeal pouch 3	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000251	visceral pouch 3	VHOG:0000966	pharyngeal pouch 3	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001131	pharyngeal pouch 3	VHOG:0000966	pharyngeal pouch 3	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:617	branchial pouch	VHOG:0000967	pharyngeal pouch 2	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EMAPA:16275	branchial pouch	VHOG:0000967	pharyngeal pouch 2	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000247	visceral pouch 2	VHOG:0000967	pharyngeal pouch 2	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001130	pharyngeal pouch 2	VHOG:0000967	pharyngeal pouch 2	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:1665	branchial groove	VHOG:0000968	4th pharyngeal groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16761	branchial groove	VHOG:0000968	4th pharyngeal groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:575	branchial groove	VHOG:0000969	1st pharyngeal groove	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16119	branchial groove	VHOG:0000969	1st pharyngeal groove	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:579	branchial pouch	VHOG:0000970	pharyngeal pouch 1	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16124	branchial pouch	VHOG:0000970	pharyngeal pouch 1	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
XAO:0000102	visceral pouch 1	VHOG:0000970	pharyngeal pouch 1	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
ZFA:0001128	pharyngeal pouch 1	VHOG:0000970	pharyngeal pouch 1	well established	"In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1669	branchial pouch	VHOG:0000971	pharyngeal pouch 4	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EMAPA:16766	branchial pouch	VHOG:0000971	pharyngeal pouch 4	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000254	visceral pouch 4	VHOG:0000971	pharyngeal pouch 4	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001134	pharyngeal pouch 4	VHOG:0000971	pharyngeal pouch 4	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:613	branchial groove	VHOG:0000972	2nd pharyngeal groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16396	branchial groove	VHOG:0000972	2nd pharyngeal groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:1082	branchial groove	VHOG:0000973	3rd pharyngeal groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16581	branchial groove	VHOG:0000973	3rd pharyngeal groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:10649	acetabular region	VHOG:0000974	acetabular region	well established	"During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum." [DOI:10.1038/nature04119 "Boisvert CA, The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion. Nature (2005)"]
EHDAA:9545	acetabular region	VHOG:0000974	acetabular region	well established	"During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum." [DOI:10.1038/nature04119 "Boisvert CA, The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion. Nature (2005)"]
EMAPA:18346	acetabular region	VHOG:0000974	acetabular region	well established	"During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum." [DOI:10.1038/nature04119 "Boisvert CA, The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion. Nature (2005)"]
EHDAA:422	cardiogenic plate	VHOG:0000975	cardiogenic plate	well established	" (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side." [PMID:15611355 "Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE, Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatric Research (2005)"]
EMAPA:16106	cardiogenic plate	VHOG:0000975	cardiogenic plate	well established	" (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side." [PMID:15611355 "Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE, Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatric Research (2005)"]
EHDAA:9351	labial swelling	VHOG:0000976	labial swelling	well established	Genital labioscrotal swellings are the mammal embryonic structures that generate the male scrotum or the female labia majora. [ISBN:978-0813815541 "Schatten H, Constantinescu G, Comparative Reproductive Biology (2007) p.1-4"]
EHDAA:9363	labial swelling	VHOG:0000976	labial swelling	well established	Genital labioscrotal swellings are the mammal embryonic structures that generate the male scrotum or the female labia majora. [ISBN:978-0813815541 "Schatten H, Constantinescu G, Comparative Reproductive Biology (2007) p.1-4"]
EMAPA:18329	labial swelling	VHOG:0000976	labial swelling	well established	Genital labioscrotal swellings are the mammal embryonic structures that generate the male scrotum or the female labia majora. [ISBN:978-0813815541 "Schatten H, Constantinescu G, Comparative Reproductive Biology (2007) p.1-4"]
EHDAA:5693	tunica vasculosa lentis	VHOG:0000978	tunica vasculosa lentis	well established	"Soon after it forms, the mammalian lens becomes invested with a network of capillaries. (...) The capillary network on the posterior of the lens is the tunica vasculosa lentis (TVL)." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.08.014 "Beebe DC, Maintening transparency: A review of the developmental physiology and pathophysiology of two avascular tissues.  Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2008) Fig.1"]
EMAPA:18235	tunica vasculosa lentis	VHOG:0000978	tunica vasculosa lentis	well established	"Soon after it forms, the mammalian lens becomes invested with a network of capillaries. (...) The capillary network on the posterior of the lens is the tunica vasculosa lentis (TVL)." [DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.08.014 "Beebe DC, Maintening transparency: A review of the developmental physiology and pathophysiology of two avascular tissues.  Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2008) Fig.1"]
EHDAA:56	trophectoderm	VHOG:0000979	trophectoderm	well established	" (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106"]
EMAPA:16046	trophectoderm	VHOG:0000979	trophectoderm	well established	" (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106"]
EV:0100120	trophoblast	VHOG:0000979	trophectoderm	well established	" (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106"]
EHDAA:60	polar trophectoderm	VHOG:0000980	polar trophectoderm	well established	" (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106"]
EMAPA:16048	polar trophectoderm	VHOG:0000980	polar trophectoderm	well established	" (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0721676685 "Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106"]
EHDAA:6795	respiratory	VHOG:0000981	respiratory epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17607	respiratory	VHOG:0000981	respiratory epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
MA:0001326	nasal cavity respiratory epithelium	VHOG:0000981	respiratory epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4339	pulmonary artery	VHOG:0000982	pulmonary artery	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:17008	pulmonary artery	VHOG:0000982	pulmonary artery	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
MA:0002031	pulmonary artery	VHOG:0000982	pulmonary artery	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:8085	primitive collecting ducts	VHOG:0000983	metanephric collecting duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.542-543 and Figure 14.6"]
EMAPA:17646	primitive collecting duct	VHOG:0000983	metanephric collecting duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.542-543 and Figure 14.6"]
EMAPA:17949	collecting ducts	VHOG:0000983	metanephric collecting duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.542-543 and Figure 14.6"]
EV:0100391	renal collecting duct	VHOG:0000983	metanephric collecting duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.542-543 and Figure 14.6"]
MA:0000371	kidney collecting duct	VHOG:0000983	metanephric collecting duct	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.542-543 and Figure 14.6"]
EHDAA:5974	erector spinae pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0000984	erector spinae	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.339-341 and Figure 10-17"]
EHDAA:9444	erector spinae	VHOG:0000984	erector spinae	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.339-341 and Figure 10-17"]
EMAPA:18168	erector spinae	VHOG:0000984	erector spinae	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.339-341 and Figure 10-17"]
MA:0002289	erector spinae	VHOG:0000984	erector spinae	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.339-341 and Figure 10-17"]
EHDAA:2114	epithelium	VHOG:0000986	otocyst epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16671	epithelium	VHOG:0000986	otocyst epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:7753	epithelium	VHOG:0000988	endolymphatic sac epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17595	epithelium	VHOG:0000988	endolymphatic sac epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:9245	epithelium	VHOG:0000989	submandibular gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17756	epithelium	VHOG:0000989	submandibular gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:18813	epithelium	VHOG:0000989	submandibular gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4176	epithelium	VHOG:0000990	forelimb stylopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6224	epithelium	VHOG:0000990	forelimb stylopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17425	epithelium	VHOG:0000990	forelimb stylopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6286	interdigital region between digits 1 and 2	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EHDAA:6292	interdigital region between digits 2 and 3	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EHDAA:6298	interdigital region between digits 3 and 4	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EHDAA:6304	interdigital region between digits 4 and 5	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EMAPA:17445	interdigital region between digits 1 and 2	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EMAPA:17448	interdigital region between digits 2 and 3	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EMAPA:17451	interdigital region between digits 3 and 4	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EMAPA:17454	interdigital region between digits 4 and 5	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
MA:0000627	hand interdigit region	VHOG:0000991	hand interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EHDAA:6136	interdigital region between digits 1 and 2	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EHDAA:6142	interdigital region between digits 2 and 3	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EHDAA:6148	interdigital region between digits 3 and 4	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EHDAA:6154	interdigital region between digits 4 and 5	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EMAPA:17476	interdigital region between digits 1 and 2	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EMAPA:17479	interdigital region between digits 2 and 3	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EMAPA:17482	interdigital region between digits 3 and 4	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EMAPA:17485	interdigital region between digits 4 and 5	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
MA:0000651	foot interdigit region	VHOG:0000992	foot interdigital region	well established	Interdigital regions are of great importance in tetrapod limb development. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.523-524"]
EHDAA:6288	epithelium	VHOG:0000993	hand interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6294	epithelium	VHOG:0000993	hand interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6300	epithelium	VHOG:0000993	hand interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6306	epithelium	VHOG:0000993	hand interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17446	epithelium	VHOG:0000993	hand interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17449	epithelium	VHOG:0000993	hand interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17452	epithelium	VHOG:0000993	hand interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17455	epithelium	VHOG:0000993	hand interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6138	epithelium	VHOG:0000995	foot interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6144	epithelium	VHOG:0000995	foot interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6150	epithelium	VHOG:0000995	foot interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6156	epithelium	VHOG:0000995	foot interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17477	epithelium	VHOG:0000995	foot interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17480	epithelium	VHOG:0000995	foot interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17483	epithelium	VHOG:0000995	foot interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17486	epithelium	VHOG:0000995	foot interdigital epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8471	elbow joint primordium	VHOG:0000997	elbow joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EMAPA:17710	elbow joint primordium	VHOG:0000997	elbow joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EMAPA:19102	elbow joint	VHOG:0000997	elbow joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
MA:0000451	elbow joint	VHOG:0000997	elbow joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EHDAA:7019	arytenoid pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000998	arytenoid pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8147	arytenoid pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000998	arytenoid pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17387	arytenoid swelling pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0000998	arytenoid pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:2595	muscular part	VHOG:0000999	interventricular septum myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:17335	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0000999	interventricular septum myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:18247	muscular part	VHOG:0000999	interventricular septum myocardium	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EHDAA:8671	jugular sac	VHOG:0001000	jugular lymph sac	well established	"Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. Although they are absent in mammals, the initial veno-lymphatic plexus that forms during mammalian jugular lymph sac development has been described as the vestigial homologue of the nascent stage of ancestral anterior lymph hearts." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.002 "Peyrot SM, Martin BL, Harland RM, Lymph heart musculature is under distinct developmental control from lymphatic endothelium. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:18249	jugular lymph sac	VHOG:0001000	jugular lymph sac	well established	"Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. Although they are absent in mammals, the initial veno-lymphatic plexus that forms during mammalian jugular lymph sac development has been described as the vestigial homologue of the nascent stage of ancestral anterior lymph hearts." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.002 "Peyrot SM, Martin BL, Harland RM, Lymph heart musculature is under distinct developmental control from lymphatic endothelium. Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:8450	hip joint primordium	VHOG:0001001	hip joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EMAPA:17739	hip joint primordium	VHOG:0001001	hip joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EMAPA:19136	hip joint	VHOG:0001001	hip joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
MA:0000470	hip joint	VHOG:0001001	hip joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EHDAA:8481	shoulder joint primordium	VHOG:0001002	shoulder joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EMAPA:17712	shoulder joint primordium	VHOG:0001002	shoulder joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EMAPA:19105	shoulder joint	VHOG:0001002	shoulder joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
MA:0000459	shoulder joint	VHOG:0001002	shoulder joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EHDAA:8455	knee joint primordium	VHOG:0001003	knee joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EMAPA:17740	knee joint primordium	VHOG:0001003	knee joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EMAPA:19137	knee joint	VHOG:0001003	knee joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
MA:0000471	knee joint	VHOG:0001003	knee joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193 and Figure 5-14"]
EHDAA:9446	ilio-psoas	VHOG:0001005	illopsoas	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18520	ilio-psoas	VHOG:0001005	illopsoas	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002321	iliopsoas	VHOG:0001005	illopsoas	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:696	spinal neural crest	VHOG:0001006	neural crest spinal cord	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:906	neural crest	VHOG:0001006	neural crest spinal cord	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16094	neural crest	VHOG:0001006	neural crest spinal cord	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16163	neural crest	VHOG:0001006	neural crest spinal cord	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16529	neural crest	VHOG:0001006	neural crest spinal cord	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16881	neural crest	VHOG:0001006	neural crest spinal cord	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)" [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1381	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1391	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1401	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1416	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1431	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1441	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1451	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2001	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2013	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2023	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2035	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2045	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2057	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2069	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2081	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2713	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2725	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2753	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2765	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2777	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2789	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2803	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2817	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3544	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3558	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3598	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3612	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3626	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3640	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3656	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3672	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:864	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:874	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:884	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:894	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16483	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16487	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16491	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16495	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16499	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16503	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16507	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16511	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16924	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16931	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16938	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16945	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16952	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16959	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16966	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16973	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17098	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17105	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17112	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17119	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17126	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17133	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17140	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17147	roof plate	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0001311	roof plate rhombomere region	VHOG:0001018	roof plate rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1375	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1385	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1395	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1410	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1425	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1435	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1445	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1993	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2005	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2017	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2027	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2039	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2049	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2061	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2073	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2705	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2717	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2745	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2757	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2769	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2781	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2793	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:2807	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:320	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:328	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:334	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:340	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3534	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3548	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3588	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3602	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3616	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3630	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3644	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:3660	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:858	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:868	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:878	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:888	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16150	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16154	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16158	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16287	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16291	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16294	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16298	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16302	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16306	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16481	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16485	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16489	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16493	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16497	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16501	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16505	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16509	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16919	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16926	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16933	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16940	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16947	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16954	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16961	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16968	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17093	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17100	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17107	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17114	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17121	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17128	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17135	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:17142	floor plate	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0001258	floor plate rhombomere region	VHOG:0001019	floor plate hindbrain	well established	"In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EHDAA:1377	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1387	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1397	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1412	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1427	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1437	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1447	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1995	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2007	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2019	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2029	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2041	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2051	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2063	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2075	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2707	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2719	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2747	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2759	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2771	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2783	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2795	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2809	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3536	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3550	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3590	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3604	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3618	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3632	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3646	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3662	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:860	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:870	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:880	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:890	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16482	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16486	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16490	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16494	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16498	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16502	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16506	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16510	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16920	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16927	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16934	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16941	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16948	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16955	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16962	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16969	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17094	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17101	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17108	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17115	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17122	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17129	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17136	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17143	lateral wall	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000781	lateral wall rhombomere 1	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000782	lateral wall rhombomere 4	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000783	lateral wall rhombomere 7	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000907	lateral wall rhombomere 2	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000908	lateral wall rhombomere 5	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000909	lateral wall rhombomere 8	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000994	lateral wall rhombomere 3	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0000995	lateral wall rhombomere 6	VHOG:0001020	laterall wall rhombomeres	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:8031	maxilla	VHOG:0001021	maxilla	well established	Maxilla is one of the bones that formed a dermal roof and palate in the dermatocranium of early tetrapods. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.246 and Figure 7-12"]
EMAPA:17360	maxilla primordium	VHOG:0001021	maxilla	well established	Maxilla is one of the bones that formed a dermal roof and palate in the dermatocranium of early tetrapods. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.246 and Figure 7-12"]
EMAPA:17639	maxilla	VHOG:0001021	maxilla	well established	Maxilla is one of the bones that formed a dermal roof and palate in the dermatocranium of early tetrapods. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.246 and Figure 7-12"]
EMAPA:17928	maxilla	VHOG:0001021	maxilla	well established	Maxilla is one of the bones that formed a dermal roof and palate in the dermatocranium of early tetrapods. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.246 and Figure 7-12"]
MA:0001491	maxilla	VHOG:0001021	maxilla	well established	Maxilla is one of the bones that formed a dermal roof and palate in the dermatocranium of early tetrapods. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.246 and Figure 7-12"]
ZFA:0000270	maxilla	VHOG:0001021	maxilla	well established	"Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 1)." Maxilla is one of the bones that formed a dermal roof and palate in the dermatocranium of early tetrapods (reference 2). [ISBN:978-3540428541 "Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.246 and Figure 7-12"]
EHDAA:7995	mandible	VHOG:0001022	dentary	well established	"Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248"]
EMAPA:17356	mandible primordium	VHOG:0001022	dentary	well established	"Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248"]
EMAPA:18290	mandible	VHOG:0001022	dentary	well established	"Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248"]
MA:0001487	mandible	VHOG:0001022	dentary	well established	"Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248"]
ZFA:0000191	dentary	VHOG:0001022	dentary	well established	"Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248"]
EHDAA:6954	epithelium	VHOG:0001025	primary palate epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8025	epithelium	VHOG:0001025	primary palate epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17643	epithelium	VHOG:0001025	primary palate epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17935	epithelium	VHOG:0001025	primary palate epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8269	brachialis	VHOG:0001026	brachialis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.342-343 and Figure 10-20 and Table 10-7"]
EMAPA:19068	brachialis	VHOG:0001026	brachialis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.342-343 and Figure 10-20 and Table 10-7"]
EMAPA:19109	brachialis	VHOG:0001026	brachialis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.342-343 and Figure 10-20 and Table 10-7"]
MA:0002271	brachialis	VHOG:0001026	brachialis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.342-343 and Figure 10-20 and Table 10-7"]
EHDAA:1088	endoderm	VHOG:0001030	3rd pharyngeal pouch endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EMAPA:16587	endoderm	VHOG:0001030	3rd pharyngeal pouch endoderm	inferred	[DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 "Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010)"]
EHDAA:6088	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6094	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6104	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6114	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6124	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17461	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17464	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17467	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17470	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17473	epithelium	VHOG:0001031	foot digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:5192	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6234	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6244	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6254	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6264	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6274	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17430	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17433	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17436	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17439	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17442	epithelium	VHOG:0001032	hand digit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4991	epithelium	VHOG:0001034	main bronchus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16851	epithelium	VHOG:0001034	main bronchus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
MA:0001847	main bronchus epithelium	VHOG:0001034	main bronchus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:5828	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001037	rectum epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17898	epithelium	VHOG:0001037	rectum epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:18927	epithelium	VHOG:0001037	rectum epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:7078	epithelium	VHOG:0001038	nasopharynx epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17672	epithelium	VHOG:0001038	nasopharynx epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
MA:0001865	nasopharynx epithelium	VHOG:0001038	nasopharynx epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:7794	epithelium	VHOG:0001039	superior semicircular canal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17301	epithelium	VHOG:0001039	superior semicircular canal epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:9273	epithelium	VHOG:0001040	palatal shelf epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17363	epithelium	VHOG:0001040	palatal shelf epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17931	epithelium	VHOG:0001040	palatal shelf epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:5161	epithelium	VHOG:0001041	hindlimb stylopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6190	epithelium	VHOG:0001041	hindlimb stylopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17500	epithelium	VHOG:0001041	hindlimb stylopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:3788	epithelium	VHOG:0001043	endolymphatic appendage epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4684	epithelium	VHOG:0001043	endolymphatic appendage epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16996	epithelium	VHOG:0001043	endolymphatic appendage epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17285	epithelium	VHOG:0001043	endolymphatic appendage epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4156	epithelium	VHOG:0001044	elbow epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6202	epithelium	VHOG:0001044	elbow epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17415	epithelium	VHOG:0001044	elbow epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:4995	epithelium	VHOG:0001045	trachea epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16742	epithelium	VHOG:0001045	trachea epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16855	epithelium	VHOG:0001045	trachea epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8095	medullary tubules	VHOG:0001049	medullary tubule	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.648 and Figure 20-13, B"]
EMAPA:17955	medullary tubules	VHOG:0001049	medullary tubule	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.648 and Figure 20-13, B"]
EHDAA:5155	epithelium	VHOG:0001050	hindlimb zeugopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6180	epithelium	VHOG:0001050	hindlimb zeugopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17497	epithelium	VHOG:0001050	hindlimb zeugopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:1677	mesenchyme	VHOG:0001052	4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16770	mesenchyme	VHOG:0001052	4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:2953	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001058	median lingual swelling epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17188	epithelium	VHOG:0001058	median lingual swelling epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:2947	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001059	lateral lingual swelling epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17190	epithelium	VHOG:0001059	lateral lingual swelling epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:621	ectoderm	VHOG:0001062	2nd pharyngeal arch ectoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16277	ectoderm	VHOG:0001062	2nd pharyngeal arch ectoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:3195	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001064	apical ectodermal ridge forelimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EHDAA:4186	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001064	apical ectodermal ridge forelimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EHDAA:5194	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001064	apical ectodermal ridge forelimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EHDAA:6284	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001064	apical ectodermal ridge forelimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EMAPA:16778	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001064	apical ectodermal ridge forelimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EMAPA:17247	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001064	apical ectodermal ridge forelimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
ZFA:0000085	apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud	VHOG:0001064	apical ectodermal ridge forelimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EHDAA:5135	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001066	apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EHDAA:6134	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001066	apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EMAPA:16892	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001066	apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EMAPA:17251	apical ectodermal ridge	VHOG:0001066	apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
ZFA:0001385	apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud	VHOG:0001066	apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
ZFA:0001450	apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin	VHOG:0001066	apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb	well established	"Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs." [DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x]
EHDAA:931	epithelium	VHOG:0001068	otic pit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16538	epithelium	VHOG:0001068	otic pit epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:1092	endoderm	VHOG:0001081	3rd pharyngeal arch endoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16401	endoderm	VHOG:0001081	3rd pharyngeal arch endoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:1094	mesenchyme	VHOG:0001083	3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16402	mesenchyme	VHOG:0001083	3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:6514	epithelium	VHOG:0001088	mammary gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17760	epithelium	VHOG:0001088	mammary gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
MA:0000792	mammary gland epithelium	VHOG:0001088	mammary gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:1675	endoderm	VHOG:0001092	4th pharyngeal arch endoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16769	endoderm	VHOG:0001092	4th pharyngeal arch endoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:1673	ectoderm	VHOG:0001095	4th pharyngeal arch ectoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16768	ectoderm	VHOG:0001095	4th pharyngeal arch ectoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:4162	epithelium	VHOG:0001096	forelimb zeugopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6208	epithelium	VHOG:0001096	forelimb zeugopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17418	epithelium	VHOG:0001096	forelimb zeugopodium epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:7979	epithelium	VHOG:0001098	sublingual gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17753	epithelium	VHOG:0001098	sublingual gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:18810	epithelium	VHOG:0001098	sublingual gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:625	mesenchyme	VHOG:0001102	2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16279	mesenchyme	VHOG:0001102	2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:623	endoderm	VHOG:0001108	2nd pharyngeal arch endoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EMAPA:16278	endoderm	VHOG:0001108	2nd pharyngeal arch endoderm	well established	"In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm." [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x "Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001)"]
EHDAA:10619	jugular foramen	VHOG:0001113	jugular foramen	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1058476 "Luo ZX, Crompton AW, Sun AL, A new mammaliaform from the early Jurassic and evolution of mammalian characteristics. Science (2001)"]
EMAPA:18713	jugular foramen	VHOG:0001113	jugular foramen	well established	[DOI:10.1126/science.1058476 "Luo ZX, Crompton AW, Sun AL, A new mammaliaform from the early Jurassic and evolution of mammalian characteristics. Science (2001)"]
EHDAA:6942	future pars tuberalis	VHOG:0001114	pars tuberalis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7518	future pars tuberalis	VHOG:0001114	pars tuberalis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:8755	pars tuberalis	VHOG:0001114	pars tuberalis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17517	pars tuberalis	VHOG:0001114	pars tuberalis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000856	pars tuberalis	VHOG:0001114	pars tuberalis	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:5576	spinal component	VHOG:0001115	accessory XI nerve spinal component	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EMAPA:17159	accessory XI	VHOG:0001115	accessory XI nerve spinal component	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EMAPA:17160	spinal component	VHOG:0001115	accessory XI nerve spinal component	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EMAPA:17267	spinal component	VHOG:0001115	accessory XI nerve spinal component	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
MA:0001090	accessory XI nerve spinal component	VHOG:0001115	accessory XI nerve spinal component	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EHDAA:2877	neural lumen	VHOG:0001119	neural lumen	well established	"(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:914	neural lumen	VHOG:0001119	neural lumen	well established	"(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16167	neural lumen	VHOG:0001119	neural lumen	well established	"(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16533	neural lumen	VHOG:0001119	neural lumen	well established	"(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
MA:0001117	spinal cord central canal	VHOG:0001119	neural lumen	well established	"(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
XAO:0000252	neurocoel	VHOG:0001119	neural lumen	well established	"(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0000938	central canal	VHOG:0001119	neural lumen	well established	"(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:6228	humerus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001120	humerus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17713	humerus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001120	humerus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:5863	Meckel's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001121	Meckel's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6945	Meckel's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001121	Meckel's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:17358	Meckel's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001121	Meckel's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8532	carpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001123	carpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18102	carpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001123	carpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:7129	basioccipital cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001124	basioccipital cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18337	basioccipital cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001124	basioccipital cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8356	scapula cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001125	scapula cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18343	scapula cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001125	scapula cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:9556	iliac cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001126	iliac cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18347	iliac cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001126	iliac cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
MA:0001281	medial rectus extraocular muscle	VHOG:0001127	medial rectus extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
ZFA:0000301	medial rectus	VHOG:0001127	medial rectus extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
MA:0001282	superior rectus extraocular muscle	VHOG:0001128	dorsal rectus extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
ZFA:0000345	dorsal rectus	VHOG:0001128	dorsal rectus extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
MA:0001280	lateral rectus extraocular muscle	VHOG:0001129	lateral rectus extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
ZFA:0000383	lateral rectus	VHOG:0001129	lateral rectus extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
MA:0001279	inferior rectus extraocular muscle	VHOG:0001130	ventral rectus extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
ZFA:0000457	ventral rectus	VHOG:0001130	ventral rectus extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
MA:0001277	superior oblique extraocular muscle	VHOG:0001131	dorsal oblique extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
ZFA:0000738	dorsal oblique extraocular muscle	VHOG:0001131	dorsal oblique extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
MA:0001276	inferior oblique extraocular muscle	VHOG:0001132	ventral oblique extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
ZFA:0000861	ventral oblique extraocular muscle	VHOG:0001132	ventral oblique extraocular muscle	well established	"The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331"]
EHDAA:2617	pulmonary veins	VHOG:0001133	pulmonary vein	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EMAPA:18645	pulmonary vein	VHOG:0001133	pulmonary vein	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
MA:0002206	pulmonary vein	VHOG:0001133	pulmonary vein	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
XAO:0000394	pulmonary vein	VHOG:0001133	pulmonary vein	well established	"On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:9819	pulmonary trunk	VHOG:0001134	pulmonary trunk	well established	"As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:17015	pulmonary trunk	VHOG:0001134	pulmonary trunk	well established	"As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:18240	pulmonary trunk	VHOG:0001134	pulmonary trunk	well established	"As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
MA:0002033	pulmonary trunk	VHOG:0001134	pulmonary trunk	well established	"As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EMAPA:18681	ductus deferens	VHOG:0001135	ductus deferens	well established	"The continuation of the archinephric duct, now called the deferent duct, extends caudally to the cloaca or to the part of the mammalian urethra that is derived from the cloaca." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670"]
EV:0100105	vas deferens	VHOG:0001135	ductus deferens	well established	"The continuation of the archinephric duct, now called the deferent duct, extends caudally to the cloaca or to the part of the mammalian urethra that is derived from the cloaca." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670"]
MA:0000413	vas deferens	VHOG:0001135	ductus deferens	well established	"The continuation of the archinephric duct, now called the deferent duct, extends caudally to the cloaca or to the part of the mammalian urethra that is derived from the cloaca." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670"]
EMAPA:18984	oviduct	VHOG:0001136	oviduct	well established	"In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.687-688"]
EV:0100112	uterine tube	VHOG:0001136	oviduct	well established	"In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.687-688"]
MA:0000385	oviduct	VHOG:0001136	oviduct	well established	"In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.687-688"]
XAO:0003052	oviduct	VHOG:0001136	oviduct	well established	"In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.687-688"]
EV:0100113	uterus	VHOG:0001137	uterus	well established	"An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.678"]
MA:0000389	uterus	VHOG:0001137	uterus	well established	"An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.678"]
EMAPA:18986	vagina	VHOG:0001138	vagina	well established	"The distal end of the oviducts differentiates as a vagina in Metatheria and Eutheria." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688"]
EV:0100117	vagina	VHOG:0001138	vagina	well established	"The distal end of the oviducts differentiates as a vagina in Metatheria and Eutheria." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688"]
MA:0000394	vagina	VHOG:0001138	vagina	well established	"The distal end of the oviducts differentiates as a vagina in Metatheria and Eutheria." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688"]
EMAPA:18426	adrenal gland	VHOG:0001141	adrenal gland - interrenal gland	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
EV:0100135	adrenal gland	VHOG:0001141	adrenal gland - interrenal gland	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
MA:0000116	adrenal gland	VHOG:0001141	adrenal gland - interrenal gland	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
XAO:0000164	adrenal gland	VHOG:0001141	adrenal gland - interrenal gland	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
ZFA:0001345	interrenal gland	VHOG:0001141	adrenal gland - interrenal gland	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
ZFA:0001346	interrenal primordium	VHOG:0001141	adrenal gland - interrenal gland	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
MA:0002416	vertebral column	VHOG:0001142	vertebral column	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. First, vertebrates have a backbone composed of vertebrae (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53"]
XAO:0003074	vertebral column	VHOG:0001142	vertebral column	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. First, vertebrates have a backbone composed of vertebrae (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53"]
ZFA:0001559	vertebral column	VHOG:0001142	vertebral column	well established	"Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. First, vertebrates have a backbone composed of vertebrae (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53"]
EHDAA:7113	vertebraeC3-C7	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:17674	vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:18007	vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:18011	vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:18336	vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:18374	vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
MA:0000309	vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
XAO:0003076	cervical vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
XAO:0003077	presacral vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
XAO:0003078	sacral vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
XAO:0003079	caudal vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
ZFA:0001189	vertebra	VHOG:0001143	vertebra	well established	"In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 "Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011)"]
EV:0100365	semicircular canal	VHOG:0001144	semicircular canal	uncertain	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. These ducts are sometimes called canals, but technically the term semicircular canal applies to the spaces in the osseus labyrinth in which the semicircular ducts lie." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.414"]
MA:0000250	osseus semicircular canal	VHOG:0001144	semicircular canal	uncertain	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. These ducts are sometimes called canals, but technically the term semicircular canal applies to the spaces in the osseus labyrinth in which the semicircular ducts lie." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.414"]
XAO:0000198	semicircular canal	VHOG:0001144	semicircular canal	uncertain	"In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. These ducts are sometimes called canals, but technically the term semicircular canal applies to the spaces in the osseus labyrinth in which the semicircular ducts lie." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.414"]
EMAPA:17601	pharyngo-tympanic tube	VHOG:0001145	auditory tube	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
EV:0100359	auditory tube	VHOG:0001145	auditory tube	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
MA:0000255	auditory tube	VHOG:0001145	auditory tube	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
XAO:0000213	auditory tube	VHOG:0001145	auditory tube	uncertain	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
EMAPA:17281	future tympanic membrane	VHOG:0001146	tympanic membrane	well established	"In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (...). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.418"]
EMAPA:19062	tympanic membrane primodium	VHOG:0001146	tympanic membrane	well established	"In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (...). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.418"]
EV:0100358	tympanum	VHOG:0001146	tympanic membrane	well established	"In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (...). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.418"]
MA:0000257	tympanic membrane	VHOG:0001146	tympanic membrane	well established	"In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (...). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.418"]
EHDAA:929	otic pit	VHOG:0001147	otic pit	well established	"The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle." The otic pit is an intermediate stage between the otic placode and otic vesicle. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413 and Figure 12-14"]
EMAPA:16536	otic pit	VHOG:0001147	otic pit	well established	"The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle." The otic pit is an intermediate stage between the otic placode and otic vesicle. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413 and Figure 12-14"]
EHDAA:2110	otocyst	VHOG:0001148	otic vesicle	well established	"The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413"]
EMAPA:16669	otocyst	VHOG:0001148	otic vesicle	well established	"The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413"]
XAO:0000006	otic vesicle	VHOG:0001148	otic vesicle	well established	"The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413"]
ZFA:0000051	otic vesicle	VHOG:0001148	otic vesicle	well established	"The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413"]
MA:0001486	lacrimal bone	VHOG:0001149	lacrimal bone - infraorbital 1	well established	"The infraorbital bone 1 of actinopterygians is homologous with the lacrimal bone (...)." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
ZFA:0000223	infraorbital 1	VHOG:0001149	lacrimal bone - infraorbital 1	well established	"The infraorbital bone 1 of actinopterygians is homologous with the lacrimal bone (...)." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
MA:0001474	supraoccipital bone	VHOG:0001150	supraoccipital bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
ZFA:0000595	supraoccipital	VHOG:0001150	supraoccipital bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
EMAPA:18708	exoccipital bone	VHOG:0001151	exoccipital bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
MA:0001464	exoccipital bone	VHOG:0001151	exoccipital bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
ZFA:0000661	exoccipital	VHOG:0001151	exoccipital bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
EMAPA:18705	basioccipital bone	VHOG:0001152	basioccipital bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
MA:0001462	basioccipital bone	VHOG:0001152	basioccipital bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
ZFA:0000472	basioccipital	VHOG:0001152	basioccipital bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
EHDAA:9542	orbitosphenoid cartilage	VHOG:0001153	orbitosphenoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
EMAPA:18719	orbito-sphenoid	VHOG:0001153	orbitosphenoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
MA:0002773	orbitosphenoid	VHOG:0001153	orbitosphenoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
ZFA:0000253	orbitosphenoid	VHOG:0001153	orbitosphenoid	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.237 Table 7.1"]
EHDAA:7257	ulna cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001155	ulna cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18055	ulna cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001155	ulna cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
MA:0000292	pectoral girdle bone	VHOG:0001156	pectoral girdle	well established	"The pectoral girdle is clearly of dual origin, composed of dermal as well as endochondral bones. The endochondral component, the scapulocoracoid, evolved by fusion or enlargment of several basal fin elements. (...) The dermal component of the shoulder girdle evolved from dermal bones of the body's surface. (...) Like endochondral bones, these dermal bones were passed along to tetrapods (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.336 and Figure 9.18"]
XAO:0003063	pectoral girdle	VHOG:0001156	pectoral girdle	well established	"The pectoral girdle is clearly of dual origin, composed of dermal as well as endochondral bones. The endochondral component, the scapulocoracoid, evolved by fusion or enlargment of several basal fin elements. (...) The dermal component of the shoulder girdle evolved from dermal bones of the body's surface. (...) Like endochondral bones, these dermal bones were passed along to tetrapods (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.336 and Figure 9.18"]
ZFA:0000407	pectoral girdle	VHOG:0001156	pectoral girdle	well established	"The pectoral girdle is clearly of dual origin, composed of dermal as well as endochondral bones. The endochondral component, the scapulocoracoid, evolved by fusion or enlargment of several basal fin elements. (...) The dermal component of the shoulder girdle evolved from dermal bones of the body's surface. (...) Like endochondral bones, these dermal bones were passed along to tetrapods (...)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.336 and Figure 9.18"]
EHDAA:1026	umbilical artery	VHOG:0001157	extraembryonic umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:16372	umbilical artery	VHOG:0001157	extraembryonic umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
MA:0002072	umbilical artery	VHOG:0001157	extraembryonic umbilical artery	well established	Two umbilical arteries and one vein are characters of the common ancestor of living placental mammals. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.029 "Mess A, Carter AM, Evolution of the placenta during the early radiation of placental mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2007)"]
EMAPA:18468	humerus	VHOG:0001158	humerus	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:19106	humerus	VHOG:0001158	humerus	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0001356	humerus	VHOG:0001158	humerus	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
XAO:0003210	humerus	VHOG:0001158	humerus	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:18514	femur	VHOG:0001159	femur	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:19143	femur	VHOG:0001159	femur	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0001359	femur	VHOG:0001159	femur	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
XAO:0003214	femur	VHOG:0001159	femur	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:18500	tarsus	VHOG:0001160	tarsus	well established	"The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
EMAPA:19133	tarsus	VHOG:0001160	tarsus	well established	"The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
MA:0000050	tarsus	VHOG:0001160	tarsus	well established	"The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
XAO:0003211	tarsus	VHOG:0001160	tarsus	well established	"The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
EMAPA:18485	carpus	VHOG:0001161	carpus	well established	"The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
EMAPA:19122	carpus	VHOG:0001161	carpus	well established	"The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
MA:0000040	carpus	VHOG:0001161	carpus	well established	"The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
XAO:0003207	carpus	VHOG:0001161	carpus	well established	"The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
EHDAA:944	optic pit	VHOG:0001162	optic pit	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles (reference 1); The first morphological sign of eye development in vertebrates is the bilateral evagination of diencephalon in the early neurula. In mammals, this is marked by the appearance of the optic pit, whereas in fish and amphibians a bulging of the optic primordia is observed. Continued evagination of the optic primordia leads to the formation of the optic vesicles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.255 "Chow RL and Lang RA, Early eye development in vertebrates. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2001)"]
EMAPA:16325	optic pit	VHOG:0001162	optic pit	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles (reference 1); The first morphological sign of eye development in vertebrates is the bilateral evagination of diencephalon in the early neurula. In mammals, this is marked by the appearance of the optic pit, whereas in fish and amphibians a bulging of the optic primordia is observed. Continued evagination of the optic primordia leads to the formation of the optic vesicles (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429", DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.255 "Chow RL and Lang RA, Early eye development in vertebrates. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2001)"]
EHDAA:4725	lens vesicle	VHOG:0001163	lens vesicle	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:17163	lens vesicle	VHOG:0001163	lens vesicle	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0001308	retina photoreceptor layer	VHOG:0001165	retinal photoreceptor layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000143	retinal photoreceptor layer	VHOG:0001165	retinal photoreceptor layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0001310	retina ganglion cell layer	VHOG:0001166	retinal ganglion cell layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000024	retinal ganglion cell layer	VHOG:0001166	retinal ganglion cell layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:19155	inner nuclear layer	VHOG:0001167	retinal inner nuclear layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0001311	retina inner nuclear layer	VHOG:0001167	retinal inner nuclear layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0000119	retinal inner nuclear layer	VHOG:0001167	retinal inner nuclear layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0001312	retina inner plexiform layer	VHOG:0001168	retinal inner plexiform layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0001329	retinal inner plexiform layer	VHOG:0001168	retinal inner plexiform layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:18591	nerve fibre layer	VHOG:0001169	retina nerve fiber layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0001314	retina nerve fiber layer	VHOG:0001169	retina nerve fiber layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0001619	optic fiber layer	VHOG:0001169	retina nerve fiber layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EMAPA:19157	outer nuclear layer	VHOG:0001170	retinal outer nuclear layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0001315	retina outer nuclear layer	VHOG:0001170	retinal outer nuclear layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0001464	retinal outer nuclear layer	VHOG:0001170	retinal outer nuclear layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0001316	retina outer plexiform layer	VHOG:0001171	retinal outer plexiform layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0001330	retinal outer plexiform layer	VHOG:0001171	retinal outer plexiform layer	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0002471	retina photoreceptor layer inner segment	VHOG:0001172	retina photoreceptor layer inner segment	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0001465	photoreceptor inner segment layer	VHOG:0001172	retina photoreceptor layer inner segment	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
MA:0002472	retina photoreceptor layer outer segment	VHOG:0001173	retina photoreceptor layer outer segment	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
ZFA:0001466	photoreceptor outer segment layer	VHOG:0001173	retina photoreceptor layer outer segment	well established	" (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429"]
EHDAA:5574	cranial component	VHOG:0001174	accessory XI nerve cranial component	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EMAPA:17266	cranial component	VHOG:0001174	accessory XI nerve cranial component	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
MA:0001089	accessory XI nerve cranial component	VHOG:0001174	accessory XI nerve cranial component	well established	"Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves]
EHDAA:4475	future corpus striatum	VHOG:0001175	corpus striatum	well established	"Thus, certain telencephalic characters - such as the presence of a pallium divided into lateral, dorsal, and medial formations and a subpallium divided into striatum and septum - appear to characterize all vertebrates. They are primitive characters and are homologous among all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505, ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10"]
EMAPA:17549	corpus striatum	VHOG:0001175	corpus striatum	well established	"Thus, certain telencephalic characters - such as the presence of a pallium divided into lateral, dorsal, and medial formations and a subpallium divided into striatum and septum - appear to characterize all vertebrates. They are primitive characters and are homologous among all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505, ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10"]
EV:0100184	corpus striatum	VHOG:0001175	corpus striatum	well established	"Thus, certain telencephalic characters - such as the presence of a pallium divided into lateral, dorsal, and medial formations and a subpallium divided into striatum and septum - appear to characterize all vertebrates. They are primitive characters and are homologous among all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505, ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10"]
MA:0000891	striatum	VHOG:0001175	corpus striatum	well established	"Thus, certain telencephalic characters - such as the presence of a pallium divided into lateral, dorsal, and medial formations and a subpallium divided into striatum and septum - appear to characterize all vertebrates. They are primitive characters and are homologous among all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505, ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10"]
EMAPA:17563	pons	VHOG:0001176	pons	well established	"During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.474"]
EV:0100253	pons	VHOG:0001176	pons	well established	"During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.474"]
MA:0000204	pons	VHOG:0001176	pons	well established	"During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.474"]
EMAPA:19039	hippocampus	VHOG:0001177	hippocampus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10"]
EMAPA:19148	hippocampus	VHOG:0001177	hippocampus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10"]
EV:0100180	hippocampus	VHOG:0001177	hippocampus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10"]
MA:0000191	hippocampus	VHOG:0001177	hippocampus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10"]
EHDAA:6940	future pars intermedia	VHOG:0001178	pars intermedia	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7516	future pars intermedia	VHOG:0001178	pars intermedia	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:8753	pars intermedia	VHOG:0001178	pars intermedia	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17516	pars intermedia	VHOG:0001178	pars intermedia	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000855	pars intermedia	VHOG:0001178	pars intermedia	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
ZFA:0001197	pars intermedia	VHOG:0001178	pars intermedia	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7528	median eminence	VHOG:0001179	median eminence	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17521	median eminence	VHOG:0001179	median eminence	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000859	median eminence	VHOG:0001179	median eminence	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:7530	pars nervosa	VHOG:0001180	pars nervosa	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EMAPA:17522	pars nervosa	VHOG:0001180	pars nervosa	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
MA:0000860	pars posterior	VHOG:0001180	pars nervosa	well established	"It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5"]
EHDAA:3737	vestibular component	VHOG:0001181	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibular component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:17803	vestibular component	VHOG:0001181	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibular component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
MA:0001111	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibular component	VHOG:0001181	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibular component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
EHDAA:4618	cochlear component	VHOG:0001182	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve cochlear component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:17802	cochlear component	VHOG:0001182	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve cochlear component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
MA:0001110	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve cochlear component	VHOG:0001182	vestibulocochlear VIII nerve cochlear component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
EHDAA:5559	cochlear component	VHOG:0001183	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
EHDAA:6643	cochlear component	VHOG:0001183	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
EMAPA:17572	cochlear component	VHOG:0001183	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
MA:0001085	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component	VHOG:0001183	vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.456-458 and Figure 13-18"]
EHDAA:9318	fundus	VHOG:0001184	urinary bladder fundus region	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78"]
EMAPA:18322	fundus region	VHOG:0001184	urinary bladder fundus region	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78"]
MA:0001694	urinary bladder fundus region	VHOG:0001184	urinary bladder fundus region	inferred	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78"]
EHDAA:2975	ultimobranchial body	VHOG:0001185	ultimobranchial body	well established	" (...) ultimobranchial bodies that develop in all vertebrates from the ventral or posterior surface of the last pair of pharyngeal pouches. The ultimobranchial bodies are vestigial in most mammals (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.523"]
EHDAA:9127	ultimobranchial body	VHOG:0001185	ultimobranchial body	well established	" (...) ultimobranchial bodies that develop in all vertebrates from the ventral or posterior surface of the last pair of pharyngeal pouches. The ultimobranchial bodies are vestigial in most mammals (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.523"]
XAO:0000452	ultimobranchial body	VHOG:0001185	ultimobranchial body	well established	" (...) ultimobranchial bodies that develop in all vertebrates from the ventral or posterior surface of the last pair of pharyngeal pouches. The ultimobranchial bodies are vestigial in most mammals (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.523"]
ZFA:0001448	ultimobranchial body	VHOG:0001185	ultimobranchial body	well established	" (...) ultimobranchial bodies that develop in all vertebrates from the ventral or posterior surface of the last pair of pharyngeal pouches. The ultimobranchial bodies are vestigial in most mammals (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.523"]
EHDAA:4883	cloaca	VHOG:0001186	cloaca	well established	"A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.572"]
XAO:0000244	cloaca	VHOG:0001186	cloaca	well established	"A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.572"]
ZFA:0000330	cloacal chamber	VHOG:0001186	cloaca	well established	"A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.572"]
EHDAA:6999	urogenital membrane	VHOG:0001187	urogenital membrane	inferred	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006), The digestive tube and its derivatives, p.495-496"]
EMAPA:17210	urogenital membrane	VHOG:0001187	urogenital membrane	inferred	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006), The digestive tube and its derivatives, p.495-496"]
EMAPA:17378	urogenital membrane	VHOG:0001187	urogenital membrane	inferred	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006), The digestive tube and its derivatives, p.495-496"]
EHDAA:3852	inferior parathyroid	VHOG:0001188	parathyroid gland	well established	"The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:3858	superior parathyroid	VHOG:0001188	parathyroid gland	well established	"The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:9115	inferior parathyroid	VHOG:0001188	parathyroid gland	well established	"The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:9123	superior parathyroid	VHOG:0001188	parathyroid gland	well established	"The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EV:0100134	parathyroid	VHOG:0001188	parathyroid gland	well established	"The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
MA:0000128	parathyroid gland	VHOG:0001188	parathyroid gland	well established	"The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000167	parathyroid	VHOG:0001188	parathyroid gland	well established	"The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EHDAA:10615	foramen ovale	VHOG:0001189	foramen ovale	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18711	foramen ovale	VHOG:0001189	foramen ovale	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EV:0100140	bone	VHOG:0001190	bone	debated	"The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Murdock DJ, Donoghue PC, Evolutionary Origins of Animal Skeletal Biomineralization. Cells Tissues Organs (2011)"]
MA:0001459	bone	VHOG:0001190	bone	debated	"The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Murdock DJ, Donoghue PC, Evolutionary Origins of Animal Skeletal Biomineralization. Cells Tissues Organs (2011)"]
XAO:0000169	bone tissue	VHOG:0001190	bone	debated	"The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Murdock DJ, Donoghue PC, Evolutionary Origins of Animal Skeletal Biomineralization. Cells Tissues Organs (2011)"]
ZFA:0001514	bone element	VHOG:0001190	bone	debated	"The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Murdock DJ, Donoghue PC, Evolutionary Origins of Animal Skeletal Biomineralization. Cells Tissues Organs (2011)"]
EHDAA:10571	sartorius	VHOG:0001192	sartorius	well established	"The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.391"]
MA:0002368	sartorius	VHOG:0001192	sartorius	well established	"The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.391"]
EHDAA:8281	gastrocnemius	VHOG:0001193	gastrocnemius	well established	"The most prominent ventral muscle of the shank is the gastrocnemius, the 'calf' muscle. In mammals, it has two heads, resulting from the fusion of two different phylogenetic predecessors." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.393"]
MA:0002306	gastrocnemius	VHOG:0001193	gastrocnemius	well established	"The most prominent ventral muscle of the shank is the gastrocnemius, the 'calf' muscle. In mammals, it has two heads, resulting from the fusion of two different phylogenetic predecessors." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.393"]
EHDAA:4422	future inferior vena cava	VHOG:0001194	posterior vena cava	well established	"Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455"]
EMAPA:18416	inferior	VHOG:0001194	posterior vena cava	well established	"Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455"]
MA:0000480	inferior vena cava	VHOG:0001194	posterior vena cava	well established	"Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455"]
XAO:0000388	posterior vena cava	VHOG:0001194	posterior vena cava	well established	"Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455"]
EHDAA:8714	superior vena cava	VHOG:0001195	anterior vena cava	well established	"Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455"]
EMAPA:18417	superior	VHOG:0001195	anterior vena cava	well established	"Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455"]
MA:0000481	superior vena cava	VHOG:0001195	anterior vena cava	well established	"Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455"]
EHDAA:6401	primitive aortic arch	VHOG:0001196	arch of aorta	well established	"The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20"]
EHDAA:7315	aortic arch	VHOG:0001196	arch of aorta	well established	"The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20"]
EMAPA:17613	arch of aorta	VHOG:0001196	arch of aorta	well established	"The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20"]
EMAPA:18602	arch of aorta	VHOG:0001196	arch of aorta	well established	"The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20"]
MA:0000475	arch of aorta	VHOG:0001196	arch of aorta	well established	"The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20"]
EHDAA:1310	cardinal vein	VHOG:0001197	cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EMAPA:16354	cardinal vein	VHOG:0001197	cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
XAO:0000052	cardinal vein	VHOG:0001197	cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
ZFA:0000096	cardinal system	VHOG:0001197	cardinal vein	well established	"In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae)." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462"]
EHDAA:175	future cloacal membrane	VHOG:0001198	cloacal membrane	well established	"In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices." [PMID:11830557 "De Santa Barbara P, Roberts DJ, Tail gut endoderm and gut/genitourinary/tail development: a new tissue-specific role for Hoxa13. Development (2002)"]
EHDAA:214	cloacal membrane	VHOG:0001198	cloacal membrane	well established	"In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices." [PMID:11830557 "De Santa Barbara P, Roberts DJ, Tail gut endoderm and gut/genitourinary/tail development: a new tissue-specific role for Hoxa13. Development (2002)"]
EHDAA:2921	cloacal membrane	VHOG:0001198	cloacal membrane	well established	"In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices." [PMID:11830557 "De Santa Barbara P, Roberts DJ, Tail gut endoderm and gut/genitourinary/tail development: a new tissue-specific role for Hoxa13. Development (2002)"]
EMAPA:16832	cloacal membrane	VHOG:0001198	cloacal membrane	well established	"In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices." [PMID:11830557 "De Santa Barbara P, Roberts DJ, Tail gut endoderm and gut/genitourinary/tail development: a new tissue-specific role for Hoxa13. Development (2002)"]
EHDAA:7015	paramesonephric ducts	VHOG:0001199	paramesonephric duct	well established	"In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559"]
EHDAA:8122	paramesonephric ducts	VHOG:0001199	paramesonephric duct	well established	"In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559"]
EHDAA:8132	paramesonephric ducts	VHOG:0001199	paramesonephric duct	well established	"In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559"]
EMAPA:17967	paramesonephric duct	VHOG:0001199	paramesonephric duct	well established	"In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559"]
XAO:0000330	Mullerian duct	VHOG:0001199	paramesonephric duct	well established	"In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559"]
XAO:0000045	pre-chordal neural plate	VHOG:0001200	anterior neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0007014	anterior presumptive neural plate	VHOG:0001200	anterior neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0007016	anterior neural plate	VHOG:0001200	anterior neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
XAO:0000046	chordal neural plate	VHOG:0001201	posterior neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0007015	posterior presumptive neural plate	VHOG:0001201	posterior neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0007017	posterior neural plate	VHOG:0001201	posterior neural plate	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:185	primitive streak	VHOG:0001202	primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring	well established	" (...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2)." [PMID:9609826 "Wu LH, Lengyel JA, Role of caudal in hindgut specification and gastrulation suggests homology between Drosophila amnioproctodeal invagination and vertebrate blastopore. Development (1998)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.139"]
EMAPA:16072	primitive streak	VHOG:0001202	primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring	well established	" (...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2)." [PMID:9609826 "Wu LH, Lengyel JA, Role of caudal in hindgut specification and gastrulation suggests homology between Drosophila amnioproctodeal invagination and vertebrate blastopore. Development (1998)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.139"]
XAO:0000208	blastopore	VHOG:0001202	primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring	well established	" (...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2)." [PMID:9609826 "Wu LH, Lengyel JA, Role of caudal in hindgut specification and gastrulation suggests homology between Drosophila amnioproctodeal invagination and vertebrate blastopore. Development (1998)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.139"]
ZFA:0000111	germ ring	VHOG:0001202	primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring	well established	" (...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2)." [PMID:9609826 "Wu LH, Lengyel JA, Role of caudal in hindgut specification and gastrulation suggests homology between Drosophila amnioproctodeal invagination and vertebrate blastopore. Development (1998)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.139"]
XAO:0000282	visceral pouch	VHOG:0001203	pharyngeal pouch	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001106	pharyngeal pouch	VHOG:0001203	pharyngeal pouch	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000451	branchial arch 3	VHOG:0001204	pharyngeal arch 5	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001608	pharyngeal arch 5	VHOG:0001204	pharyngeal arch 5	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000453	branchial arch 4	VHOG:0001205	pharyngeal arch 6	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001609	pharyngeal arch 6	VHOG:0001205	pharyngeal arch 6	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
XAO:0000255	visceral pouch 5	VHOG:0001206	pharyngeal pouch 5	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
ZFA:0001133	pharyngeal pouch 5	VHOG:0001206	pharyngeal pouch 5	well established	"A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x "Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005)"]
EV:0100141	cartilage	VHOG:0001207	cartilage	well established	"Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00520.x "Hall BK, Parallelism, deep homology, and evo-devo. Evolution and Development (2012)"]
MA:0000104	cartilage tissue	VHOG:0001207	cartilage	well established	"Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00520.x "Hall BK, Parallelism, deep homology, and evo-devo. Evolution and Development (2012)"]
XAO:0000170	cartilage tissue	VHOG:0001207	cartilage	well established	"Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00520.x "Hall BK, Parallelism, deep homology, and evo-devo. Evolution and Development (2012)"]
ZFA:0001501	cartilage element	VHOG:0001207	cartilage	well established	"Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution." [DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00520.x "Hall BK, Parallelism, deep homology, and evo-devo. Evolution and Development (2012)"]
EHDAA:669	vagal neural crest	VHOG:0001208	vagal neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000818	vagal neural crest	VHOG:0001208	vagal neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16311	facial neural crest	VHOG:0001209	facial neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
ZFA:0000875	facial neural crest	VHOG:0001209	facial neural crest	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1379	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1389	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1399	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1414	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1429	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1439	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1449	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:1999	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:2011	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:2033	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:2055	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:2067	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:2079	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:2801	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:2815	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:324	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:362	rhombencephalic neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:3654	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:3670	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:862	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:872	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:882	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:892	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16152	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16156	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16160	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16289	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16296	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16300	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16304	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16308	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EMAPA:16309	neural crest	VHOG:0001210	neural crest hindbrain	well established	"We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43"]
EHDAA:322	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:330	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:336	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:342	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16151	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16155	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16159	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16288	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16292	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16295	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16299	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16303	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EMAPA:16307	neural fold	VHOG:0001211	neural fold hindbrain	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:264	notochordal plate	VHOG:0001212	notochordal plate	inferred	[DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0013689 "Oda-Ishii I, Ishii Y, Mikawa T, Eph regulates dorsoventral asymmetry of the notochord plate and convergent extension-mediated notochord formation. PLoS One (2010)"]
EMAPA:16101	notochordal plate	VHOG:0001212	notochordal plate	inferred	[DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0013689 "Oda-Ishii I, Ishii Y, Mikawa T, Eph regulates dorsoventral asymmetry of the notochord plate and convergent extension-mediated notochord formation. PLoS One (2010)"]
EHDAA:224	notochordal process	VHOG:0001213	notochordal process	inferred	[DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0013689 "Oda-Ishii I, Ishii Y, Mikawa T, Eph regulates dorsoventral asymmetry of the notochord plate and convergent extension-mediated notochord formation. PLoS One (2010)"]
EMAPA:16102	notochordal process	VHOG:0001213	notochordal process	inferred	[DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0013689 "Oda-Ishii I, Ishii Y, Mikawa T, Eph regulates dorsoventral asymmetry of the notochord plate and convergent extension-mediated notochord formation. PLoS One (2010)"]
XAO:0000120	external gill	VHOG:0001214	gill	well established	"Gill slits in the pharyngeal region of the intestine, which are also present in (at least) tunicates and acranians, are taken over to the craniote ancestor." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.209"]
XAO:0000448	gill primordium	VHOG:0001214	gill	well established	"Gill slits in the pharyngeal region of the intestine, which are also present in (at least) tunicates and acranians, are taken over to the craniote ancestor." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.209"]
ZFA:0000354	gill	VHOG:0001214	gill	well established	"Gill slits in the pharyngeal region of the intestine, which are also present in (at least) tunicates and acranians, are taken over to the craniote ancestor." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.209"]
MA:0000703	arterial system endothelium	VHOG:0001215	arterial system endothelium	well established	"Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207"]
XAO:0000357	arterial endothelium	VHOG:0001215	arterial system endothelium	well established	"Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207"]
MA:0000714	venous system endothelium	VHOG:0001216	venous system endothelium	well established	"Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207"]
XAO:0000358	venous endothelium	VHOG:0001216	venous system endothelium	well established	"Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207"]
MA:0000717	cardiovascular system endothelium	VHOG:0001217	cardiovascular system endothelium	well established	"Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207"]
XAO:0000356	vascular endothelium	VHOG:0001217	cardiovascular system endothelium	well established	"Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels." [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207"]
EV:0100046	bone marrow	VHOG:0001218	bone marrow	well established	"The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood Cells and Blood Cell Development in the Animal Kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006)"]
MA:0000134	bone marrow	VHOG:0001218	bone marrow	well established	"The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood Cells and Blood Cell Development in the Animal Kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006)"]
XAO:0000123	bone marrow	VHOG:0001218	bone marrow	well established	"The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood Cells and Blood Cell Development in the Animal Kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006)"]
EV:0100362	osseous labyrinth	VHOG:0001219	osseus labyrinth	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-415 and Figure 12-15"]
MA:0000238	bony labyrinth	VHOG:0001219	osseus labyrinth	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-415 and Figure 12-15"]
XAO:0000193	osseous labyrinth	VHOG:0001219	osseus labyrinth	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-415 and Figure 12-15"]
EV:0100366	vestibule	VHOG:0001220	osseus labyrinth vestibule	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.686-690 and Figure 17.34"]
MA:0001185	osseus labyrinth vestibule	VHOG:0001220	osseus labyrinth vestibule	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.686-690 and Figure 17.34"]
XAO:0000199	vestibule	VHOG:0001220	osseus labyrinth vestibule	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.686-690 and Figure 17.34"]
XAO:0003016	blastomere	VHOG:0001221	blastomere	uncertain	[DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 "Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) Figure 1"]
ZFA:0009177	blastoderm cell	VHOG:0001221	blastomere	uncertain	[DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 "Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) Figure 1"]
EHDAA:44	primitive endoderm	VHOG:0001222	primitive endoderm	well established	"In mammal and avian, extraembryonic endoderm such as visceral endoderm and hypoblast play essential roles in the embryonic axis formation and germ layer development. These extraembryonic tissues are generally considered to have been created in ancestral amniotes evolved from the Xenopus-type ancestor (reference 1); The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for beta-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 "Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) (reference 1)", Darras S, Gerhart J, Terasaki M, Kirschner M, Lowe CJ, Beta-catenin specifies the endomesoderm and defines the posterior organizer of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Development (2011) (reference 2)"]
EHDAA:79	primitive endoderm	VHOG:0001222	primitive endoderm	well established	"In mammal and avian, extraembryonic endoderm such as visceral endoderm and hypoblast play essential roles in the embryonic axis formation and germ layer development. These extraembryonic tissues are generally considered to have been created in ancestral amniotes evolved from the Xenopus-type ancestor (reference 1); The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for beta-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 "Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) (reference 1)", Darras S, Gerhart J, Terasaki M, Kirschner M, Lowe CJ, Beta-catenin specifies the endomesoderm and defines the posterior organizer of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Development (2011) (reference 2)"]
EMAPA:16051	primitive endoderm	VHOG:0001222	primitive endoderm	well established	"In mammal and avian, extraembryonic endoderm such as visceral endoderm and hypoblast play essential roles in the embryonic axis formation and germ layer development. These extraembryonic tissues are generally considered to have been created in ancestral amniotes evolved from the Xenopus-type ancestor (reference 1); The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for beta-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 "Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) (reference 1)", Darras S, Gerhart J, Terasaki M, Kirschner M, Lowe CJ, Beta-catenin specifies the endomesoderm and defines the posterior organizer of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Development (2011) (reference 2)"]
XAO:0003044	endomesoderm	VHOG:0001222	primitive endoderm	uncertain	"In mammal and avian, extraembryonic endoderm such as visceral endoderm and hypoblast play essential roles in the embryonic axis formation and germ layer development. These extraembryonic tissues are generally considered to have been created in ancestral amniotes evolved from the Xenopus-type ancestor (reference 1); The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for beta-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 "Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) (reference 1)", Darras S, Gerhart J, Terasaki M, Kirschner M, Lowe CJ, Beta-catenin specifies the endomesoderm and defines the posterior organizer of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Development (2011) (reference 2)"]
XAO:0003011	primary germ layer	VHOG:0001223	primary germ layer	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
ZFA:0001122	primary germ layer	VHOG:0001223	primary germ layer	well established	"The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...)." [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722"]
MA:0000819	brain ventricular zone	VHOG:0001224	brain ventricular zone	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0001083	ventricular zone	VHOG:0001224	brain ventricular zone	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1275	myocardium	VHOG:0001225	left atrium myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-605 and p.618-622"]
EMAPA:16819	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0001225	left atrium myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-605 and p.618-622"]
EMAPA:17320	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0001225	left atrium myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-605 and p.618-622"]
EHDAA:1273	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001226	left atrium endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3365	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001226	left atrium endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16815	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001226	left atrium endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17319	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001226	left atrium endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:1283	myocardium	VHOG:0001227	right atrium myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-605 and p.618-622"]
EMAPA:16823	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0001227	right atrium myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-605 and p.618-622"]
EMAPA:17326	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0001227	right atrium myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-605 and p.618-622"]
EHDAA:1281	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001228	right atrium endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3377	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001228	right atrium endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16822	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001228	right atrium endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17325	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001228	right atrium endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3367	future auricular region	VHOG:0001229	left auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EHDAA:5331	auricular region	VHOG:0001229	left auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:16816	left auricular region	VHOG:0001229	left auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:17316	auricular region	VHOG:0001229	left auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
MA:0001869	left atrium auricular region	VHOG:0001229	left auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EHDAA:3371	myocardium	VHOG:0001230	left auricle myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:5335	myocardium	VHOG:0001230	left auricle myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16818	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0001230	left auricle myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17318	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0001230	left auricle myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3369	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001231	left auricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:4362	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001231	left auricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:5333	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001231	left auricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16817	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001231	left auricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17317	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001231	left auricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3379	future auricular region	VHOG:0001232	right auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EHDAA:5340	auricular region	VHOG:0001232	right auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:16824	right auricular region	VHOG:0001232	right auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:17322	auricular region	VHOG:0001232	right auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
MA:0001870	right atrium auricular region	VHOG:0001232	right auricle	well established	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EHDAA:1912	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001233	left ventricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3423	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001233	left ventricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17338	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001233	left ventricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:1914	myocardium	VHOG:0001234	left ventricle myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17339	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0001234	left ventricle myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:1920	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001235	right ventricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:3429	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001235	right ventricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17341	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001235	right ventricle endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:1922	myocardium	VHOG:0001236	right ventricle myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:17342	cardiac muscle	VHOG:0001236	right ventricle myocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
XAO:0000318	glomus	VHOG:0001237	pronephric glomerulus	well established	"The teleost pronephros shares many essential features with the amphibian pronephros including its derivation from mesoderm associated with the coelom and the derivation of the glomerular blood supply from the medial dorsal aorta. However, unlike the pronephros of amphibians, which have an external glomus and tubules with nephrostomes open to the coelom, the mature teleost pronephros has no connection to the body cavity and instead functions as a closed system (reference 1); This variation in nephron types [with external glomeruli that open into the coelom and with internal glomeruli that do not connect with the coelom] and their pattern of distribution suggest an evolutionary sequence. Ancestral craniates probably had an external glomerulus and nephrostomes, as do the first few to develop in very primitive craniates. (...) The mechanism would become more efficient as the coelomic recess into which each glomerulus discharged became a part of the tubule, that is, grew around the glomerulus as a renal capsule. The glomerulus becomes internal. The nephrostomes were lost during subsequent evolution, leaving the type of renal tubule found in most vertebrates (reference 2)." [PMID:9806915 "Drummond IA, Majumdar A, Hentschel H, Elger M, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Neuhauss SCF, Stemple DL, Zwartkruis F, Rangini Z, Driever W, Fishman MC, Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of mutations affecting pronephric function. Development (1998)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.636"]
ZFA:0001557	pronephric glomerulus	VHOG:0001237	pronephric glomerulus	well established	"The teleost pronephros shares many essential features with the amphibian pronephros including its derivation from mesoderm associated with the coelom and the derivation of the glomerular blood supply from the medial dorsal aorta. However, unlike the pronephros of amphibians, which have an external glomus and tubules with nephrostomes open to the coelom, the mature teleost pronephros has no connection to the body cavity and instead functions as a closed system (reference 1); This variation in nephron types [with external glomeruli that open into the coelom and with internal glomeruli that do not connect with the coelom] and their pattern of distribution suggest an evolutionary sequence. Ancestral craniates probably had an external glomerulus and nephrostomes, as do the first few to develop in very primitive craniates. (...) The mechanism would become more efficient as the coelomic recess into which each glomerulus discharged became a part of the tubule, that is, grew around the glomerulus as a renal capsule. The glomerulus becomes internal. The nephrostomes were lost during subsequent evolution, leaving the type of renal tubule found in most vertebrates (reference 2)." [PMID:9806915 "Drummond IA, Majumdar A, Hentschel H, Elger M, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Neuhauss SCF, Stemple DL, Zwartkruis F, Rangini Z, Driever W, Fishman MC, Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of mutations affecting pronephric function. Development (1998)", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.636"]
XAO:0000146	glomerulus	VHOG:0001238	mesonephric glomerulus	well established	"In animals in which the mesonephros is the terminal kidney, such as amphibians and fish, the final organ is very complex, containing a large number of nephrons, most of which have an internal glomerulus." [ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS, Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.3"]
ZFA:0001288	renal glomerulus	VHOG:0001238	mesonephric glomerulus	well established	"In animals in which the mesonephros is the terminal kidney, such as amphibians and fish, the final organ is very complex, containing a large number of nephrons, most of which have an internal glomerulus." [ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS, Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.3"]
XAO:0000264	pronephric mesenchyme	VHOG:0001239	pronephric mesoderm	well established	Pronephric mesoderm is a vertebrate feature. [ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS, Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.23"]
ZFA:0000067	pronephric mesoderm	VHOG:0001239	pronephric mesoderm	well established	Pronephric mesoderm is a vertebrate feature. [ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS, Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.23"]
ZFA:0001070	presumptive pronephric mesoderm	VHOG:0001239	pronephric mesoderm	well established	Pronephric mesoderm is a vertebrate feature. [ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS, Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.23"]
EHDAA:1015	nephric cord	VHOG:0001240	nephric cord	well established	[ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS, Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.52"]
EMAPA:16368	nephric cord	VHOG:0001240	nephric cord	well established	[ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS, Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.52"]
EHDAA:6995	induced blastemal cells	VHOG:0001241	induced blastemal cells	obvious	
EHDAA:8093	induced blastemal cells	VHOG:0001241	induced blastemal cells	obvious	
EMAPA:17645	induced blastemal cells	VHOG:0001241	induced blastemal cells	obvious	
EMAPA:17953	induced blastemal cells	VHOG:0001241	induced blastemal cells	obvious	
EMAPA:18324	glomeruli	VHOG:0001242	metanephric glomerulus	well established	[DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00311.x "Ditrich H, The origin of vertebrates: a hypothesis based on kidney development. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (2007)"]
EV:0100386	glomerus	VHOG:0001242	metanephric glomerulus	well established	[DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00311.x "Ditrich H, The origin of vertebrates: a hypothesis based on kidney development. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (2007)"]
MA:0001657	glomerulus	VHOG:0001242	metanephric glomerulus	well established	[DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00311.x "Ditrich H, The origin of vertebrates: a hypothesis based on kidney development. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (2007)"]
XAO:0000095	lateral line system	VHOG:0001243	lateral line system	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
ZFA:0000034	lateral line system	VHOG:0001243	lateral line system	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
XAO:0000315	myotome	VHOG:0001244	myotome	well established	"In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome." [DOI:10.1038/sj.embor.embor920 "Hollway GE, Currie PD, Myotome meanderings. Cellular morphogenesis and the making of muscle. EMBO Rep.(2003)"]
ZFA:0001056	myotome	VHOG:0001244	myotome	well established	"In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome." [DOI:10.1038/sj.embor.embor920 "Hollway GE, Currie PD, Myotome meanderings. Cellular morphogenesis and the making of muscle. EMBO Rep.(2003)"]
EV:0100146	muscle	VHOG:0001245	muscle	well established	"It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75"]
MA:0002888	muscular system	VHOG:0001245	muscle	well established	"It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75"]
XAO:0000172	muscle	VHOG:0001245	muscle	well established	"It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75"]
ZFA:0005145	muscle	VHOG:0001245	muscle	well established	"It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75"]
EV:0100378	smooth muscle	VHOG:0001246	smooth muscle	well established	" (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an “acoel-like” smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes" [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 "Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011)"]
MA:0000166	smooth muscle tissue	VHOG:0001246	smooth muscle	well established	" (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an “acoel-like” smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes" [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 "Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011)"]
XAO:0000175	smooth muscle	VHOG:0001246	smooth muscle	well established	" (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an “acoel-like” smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes" [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 "Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011)"]
MA:0002711	immune system	VHOG:0001247	immune system	well established	"The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes." [PMID:21046016 "Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010)"]
XAO:0003152	immune system	VHOG:0001247	immune system	well established	"The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes." [PMID:21046016 "Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010)"]
ZFA:0001159	immune system	VHOG:0001247	immune system	well established	"The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes." [PMID:21046016 "Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010)"]
MA:0002718	vascular system	VHOG:0001248	circulatory system	well established	"We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.493"]
XAO:0001010	circulatory system	VHOG:0001248	circulatory system	well established	"We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.493"]
ZFA:0001079	blood vasculature	VHOG:0001248	circulatory system	well established	"We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.493"]
ZFA:0005076	primordial vasculature	VHOG:0001248	circulatory system	well established	"We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.493"]
MA:0000138	lymphatic vessel	VHOG:0001249	lymph vessel	well established	"Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627"]
XAO:0000375	lymph vessel	VHOG:0001249	lymph vessel	well established	"Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627"]
MA:0000060	blood vessel	VHOG:0001250	blood vessel	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
XAO:0001011	blood vessel	VHOG:0001250	blood vessel	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
EV:0100026	artery	VHOG:0001251	artery	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
MA:0000064	artery	VHOG:0001251	artery	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
XAO:0000114	artery	VHOG:0001251	artery	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
ZFA:0000005	artery	VHOG:0001251	artery	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
EV:0100035	capillary	VHOG:0001253	capillary	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
MA:0000065	capillary	VHOG:0001253	capillary	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
XAO:0000116	capillary	VHOG:0001253	capillary	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
EHDAA:5035	skeleton	VHOG:0001254	skeletal system	debated	"By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002)"]
EMAPA:17213	skeleton	VHOG:0001254	skeletal system	debated	"By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002)"]
MA:0000018	skeletal system	VHOG:0001254	skeletal system	debated	"By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002)"]
XAO:0003060	skeletal system	VHOG:0001254	skeletal system	debated	"By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002)"]
ZFA:0000434	skeletal system	VHOG:0001254	skeletal system	debated	"By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level." [DOI:10.1159/000324245 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002)"]
MA:0000660	hindlimb bone	VHOG:0001255	hindlimb skeleton	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
XAO:0003062	hind limb skeleton	VHOG:0001255	hindlimb skeleton	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
MA:0000612	forelimb bone	VHOG:0001256	forelimb skeleton	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
XAO:0003061	forelimb skeleton	VHOG:0001256	forelimb skeleton	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EHDAA:646	mesothelium	VHOG:0001257	peritoneum	well established	Peritoneum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205"]
EMAPA:16139	mesothelium	VHOG:0001257	peritoneum	well established	Peritoneum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205"]
EV:0100087	peritoneum	VHOG:0001257	peritoneum	well established	Peritoneum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205"]
MA:0000449	peritoneal cavity lining	VHOG:0001257	peritoneum	well established	Peritoneum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205"]
XAO:0000139	peritoneum	VHOG:0001257	peritoneum	well established	Peritoneum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205"]
ZFA:0005120	peritoneum	VHOG:0001257	peritoneum	well established	Peritoneum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205"]
XAO:0003161	limb bud	VHOG:0001258	limb - fin bud	uncertain	"The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
ZFA:0001383	fin bud	VHOG:0001258	limb - fin bud	uncertain	"The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium." [DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 "Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001)"]
EHDAA:2346	lower limb bud	VHOG:0001260	hindlimb bud	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:16779	hindlimb bud	VHOG:0001260	hindlimb bud	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
XAO:0003066	hind limb bud	VHOG:0001260	hindlimb bud	well established	"Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula." [ISBN:978-0198540472 "Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268"]
EMAPA:19287	prostate gland	VHOG:0001261	prostate gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670-671 and Figure 21-13, A"]
EV:0100104	prostate	VHOG:0001261	prostate gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670-671 and Figure 21-13, A"]
MA:0000404	prostate gland	VHOG:0001261	prostate gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670-671 and Figure 21-13, A"]
EV:0100385	renal corpuscle	VHOG:0001262	metanephric corpuscle	well established	[ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS and Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.156"]
MA:0000376	renal corpuscle	VHOG:0001262	metanephric corpuscle	well established	[ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS and Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.156"]
EV:0100126	milk	VHOG:0001263	mammary gland milk	well established	"The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.224"]
MA:0002552	mammary gland milk	VHOG:0001263	mammary gland milk	well established	"The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.224"]
EMAPA:18692	urethra	VHOG:0001264	urethra	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.017 "Seifert AW, Harfe BD, Cohn MJ, Cell lineage analysis demonstrates an endodermal origin of the distal urethra and perineum. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
EV:0100099	urethra	VHOG:0001264	urethra	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.017 "Seifert AW, Harfe BD, Cohn MJ, Cell lineage analysis demonstrates an endodermal origin of the distal urethra and perineum. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
MA:0000379	urethra	VHOG:0001264	urethra	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.017 "Seifert AW, Harfe BD, Cohn MJ, Cell lineage analysis demonstrates an endodermal origin of the distal urethra and perineum. Developmental Biology (2008)"]
EMAPA:19290	epididymis	VHOG:0001265	epididymis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670-671 and Figure 21-13, A"]
EV:0100103	epididymis	VHOG:0001265	epididymis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670-671 and Figure 21-13, A"]
MA:0000397	epididymis	VHOG:0001265	epididymis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670-671 and Figure 21-13, A"]
EV:0100119	placenta	VHOG:0001266	placenta	well established	"Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades." [DOI:10.1038/35054550 "Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O'Brien SJ, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature (2001)"]
MA:0000386	placenta	VHOG:0001266	placenta	well established	"Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades." [DOI:10.1038/35054550 "Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O'Brien SJ, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature (2001)"]
EV:0100123	amniotic fluid	VHOG:0001267	amniotic fluid	well established	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.352-353"]
MA:0002893	amniotic fluid	VHOG:0001267	amniotic fluid	well established	[ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.352-353"]
EMAPA:18771	follicle	VHOG:0001268	hair follicle	well established	"The earliest reliable record of hair is found in a fossil of the Paleocene period, in which the structure of hair cuticles is preserved. Its appearance suggests that the complicated structure of the hair follicle, closely similar to that of present-day mammals, had already appeared at this time." [ISBN:978-4431998051 "Morioka K, Hair follicle: differentiation under the electron microscope, An atlas (2005) p.3"]
EV:0100156	hair follicle	VHOG:0001268	hair follicle	well established	"The earliest reliable record of hair is found in a fossil of the Paleocene period, in which the structure of hair cuticles is preserved. Its appearance suggests that the complicated structure of the hair follicle, closely similar to that of present-day mammals, had already appeared at this time." [ISBN:978-4431998051 "Morioka K, Hair follicle: differentiation under the electron microscope, An atlas (2005) p.3"]
MA:0000154	hair follicle	VHOG:0001268	hair follicle	well established	"The earliest reliable record of hair is found in a fossil of the Paleocene period, in which the structure of hair cuticles is preserved. Its appearance suggests that the complicated structure of the hair follicle, closely similar to that of present-day mammals, had already appeared at this time." [ISBN:978-4431998051 "Morioka K, Hair follicle: differentiation under the electron microscope, An atlas (2005) p.3"]
EMAPA:18967	gum	VHOG:0001269	gum	well established	[DOI:10.1007/s00223-002-1076-8 "Sawada T, Inoue S, Mineralization of basement membrane mediates dentogingival adhesion in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. Calcified Tissue International (2003)"]
EMAPA:18970	gum	VHOG:0001269	gum	well established	[DOI:10.1007/s00223-002-1076-8 "Sawada T, Inoue S, Mineralization of basement membrane mediates dentogingival adhesion in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. Calcified Tissue International (2003)"]
EV:0100064	gum	VHOG:0001269	gum	well established	[DOI:10.1007/s00223-002-1076-8 "Sawada T, Inoue S, Mineralization of basement membrane mediates dentogingival adhesion in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. Calcified Tissue International (2003)"]
MA:0000342	gingiva	VHOG:0001269	gum	well established	[DOI:10.1007/s00223-002-1076-8 "Sawada T, Inoue S, Mineralization of basement membrane mediates dentogingival adhesion in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. Calcified Tissue International (2003)"]
EMAPA:19280	loops of Henle	VHOG:0001270	loop of Henle	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.648 and Figure 20-13, B"]
EV:0100390	loop of Henle	VHOG:0001270	loop of Henle	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.648 and Figure 20-13, B"]
MA:0001675	loop of henle	VHOG:0001270	loop of Henle	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.648 and Figure 20-13, B"]
EV:0100025	cardiac conducting system	VHOG:0001271	cardiac conducting system	uncertain	"The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
MA:0000094	impulse conducting system	VHOG:0001271	cardiac conducting system	uncertain	"The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
ZFA:0005063	cardiac conduction system	VHOG:0001271	cardiac conducting system	uncertain	"The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EV:0100144	ligament	VHOG:0001272	ligament	well established	"Compared with their Ediacarian predecessor, Cambrian animals in general were characterized by their much stouter bodies. The stoutness of the body is likely due to the formation of ligaments and tendons, which in turn requires the crosslinking of collagen triple helices." [PMID:8710894 "Ohno S, The notion of the Cambrian pananimalia genome. PNAS (1996)"]
MA:0000113	ligament	VHOG:0001272	ligament	well established	"Compared with their Ediacarian predecessor, Cambrian animals in general were characterized by their much stouter bodies. The stoutness of the body is likely due to the formation of ligaments and tendons, which in turn requires the crosslinking of collagen triple helices." [PMID:8710894 "Ohno S, The notion of the Cambrian pananimalia genome. PNAS (1996)"]
EV:0100050	lymph node	VHOG:0001273	lymph node	well established	"Lymph nodes that are associated with the lymphatic system have evolved in mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.630"]
MA:0000139	lymph node	VHOG:0001273	lymph node	well established	"Lymph nodes that are associated with the lymphatic system have evolved in mammals." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.630"]
EMAPA:19027	sclera	VHOG:0001274	sclera	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EV:0100342	sclera	VHOG:0001274	sclera	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
MA:0000280	sclera	VHOG:0001274	sclera	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
XAO:0000183	sclera	VHOG:0001274	sclera	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EHDAA:5019	skeletal muscular system	VHOG:0001275	musculoskeletal system	well established	"There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems." [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21246 "Shearman RM, Burke AC, The lateral somitic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2009)"]
EV:0100139	musculoskeletal system	VHOG:0001275	musculoskeletal system	well established	"There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems." [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21246 "Shearman RM, Burke AC, The lateral somitic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2009)"]
MA:0002418	musculoskeletal system	VHOG:0001275	musculoskeletal system	well established	"There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems." [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21246 "Shearman RM, Burke AC, The lateral somitic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2009)"]
XAO:0000168	musculoskeletal system	VHOG:0001275	musculoskeletal system	well established	"There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems." [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21246 "Shearman RM, Burke AC, The lateral somitic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2009)"]
EMAPA:19204	joint	VHOG:0001276	joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193-195"]
EV:0100142	joint	VHOG:0001276	joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193-195"]
MA:0000319	joint	VHOG:0001276	joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193-195"]
XAO:0000171	joint	VHOG:0001276	joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193-195"]
ZFA:0001596	joint	VHOG:0001276	joint	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.193-195"]
EV:0100189	amygdala	VHOG:0001277	amygdala	well established	"One part of the striatum is called the archistriatum. (...) The archistriatum of fishes consists of several indistinctly segregated nuclei called the amygdaloid (...) complex. Tetrapods retain the structure, and in mammals the corresponding amygdala is a globular mass that tends to be ventral to the other basal nuclei." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.342"]
MA:0000887	amygdala	VHOG:0001277	amygdala	well established	"One part of the striatum is called the archistriatum. (...) The archistriatum of fishes consists of several indistinctly segregated nuclei called the amygdaloid (...) complex. Tetrapods retain the structure, and in mammals the corresponding amygdala is a globular mass that tends to be ventral to the other basal nuclei." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.342"]
EV:0100311	cerebrospinal fluid	VHOG:0001278	cerebrospinal fluid	uncertain	"In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (...) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates." [DOI:10.1021/pr050213t "Parada C, Gato A, Bueno D, Mammalian embryonic cerebrospinal fluid proteome has greater apolipoprotein and enzyme pattern complexity than the avian proteome. Journal of Proteome Research (2005)"]
MA:0002503	cerebrospinal fluid	VHOG:0001278	cerebrospinal fluid	uncertain	"In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (...) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates." [DOI:10.1021/pr050213t "Parada C, Gato A, Bueno D, Mammalian embryonic cerebrospinal fluid proteome has greater apolipoprotein and enzyme pattern complexity than the avian proteome. Journal of Proteome Research (2005)"]
ZFA:0001626	cerebral spinal fluid	VHOG:0001278	cerebrospinal fluid	uncertain	"In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (...) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates." [DOI:10.1021/pr050213t "Parada C, Gato A, Bueno D, Mammalian embryonic cerebrospinal fluid proteome has greater apolipoprotein and enzyme pattern complexity than the avian proteome. Journal of Proteome Research (2005)"]
EMAPA:18333	larynx	VHOG:0001279	larynx	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EV:0100039	larynx	VHOG:0001279	larynx	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
MA:0000414	larynx	VHOG:0001279	larynx	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
XAO:0003081	larynx	VHOG:0001279	larynx	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EHDAA:295	mesothelium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
EHDAA:3408	primitive pericardium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
EHDAA:5364	pericardium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
EMAPA:16133	mesothelium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
EMAPA:17174	pericardium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
EMAPA:18449	mesothelium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
EV:0100023	pericardium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
MA:0000099	pericardium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
ZFA:0000054	pericardium	VHOG:0001280	pericardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.468 and Figure 12.24"]
EV:0100116	myometrium	VHOG:0001281	myometrium	well established	"In all mammals, the uterus develops as a specialization of the paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts, which gives rise to the infundibula, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina. Morphogenetic events common to development of all uteri include: 1) differentiation and growth of the myometrium, 2) differentiation and morphogenesis of the endometrial glands, and 3) organization and stratification of endometrial stroma. Uterine development is initiated in the fetus, but is only completed postnatally with differentiation and development of the endometrial glands." [PMID:15471813 "Spencer TE, Bazer FW, Uterine and placental factors regulating conceptus growth in domestic animals. Journal of Animal Science (2004)"]
MA:0000391	myometrium	VHOG:0001281	myometrium	well established	"In all mammals, the uterus develops as a specialization of the paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts, which gives rise to the infundibula, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina. Morphogenetic events common to development of all uteri include: 1) differentiation and growth of the myometrium, 2) differentiation and morphogenesis of the endometrial glands, and 3) organization and stratification of endometrial stroma. Uterine development is initiated in the fetus, but is only completed postnatally with differentiation and development of the endometrial glands." [PMID:15471813 "Spencer TE, Bazer FW, Uterine and placental factors regulating conceptus growth in domestic animals. Journal of Animal Science (2004)"]
EV:0100143	synovium	VHOG:0001282	synovium	well established	"Phylogenetically, synovium is one of the newer attributes of the vertebrate locomotor apparatus. The first synovial joints developed in the piscine jaw of ancestors of modern lungfish by an evolutionary process that modified preexisting fibrous and cartilaginous joints, which were the predominant articulation of the early sea- and land-dwelling vertebrates." [PMID:11068553 "O'Connel JX, Pathology of the synovium. American Journal of Clinical Pathology (2000)"]
MA:0000114	synovium	VHOG:0001282	synovium	well established	"Phylogenetically, synovium is one of the newer attributes of the vertebrate locomotor apparatus. The first synovial joints developed in the piscine jaw of ancestors of modern lungfish by an evolutionary process that modified preexisting fibrous and cartilaginous joints, which were the predominant articulation of the early sea- and land-dwelling vertebrates." [PMID:11068553 "O'Connel JX, Pathology of the synovium. American Journal of Clinical Pathology (2000)"]
EMAPA:16415	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16418	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16421	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16424	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16427	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16430	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16433	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16436	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16439	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16443	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16447	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16451	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16455	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16459	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16463	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16467	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16602	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16606	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16610	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16614	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16618	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16622	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16626	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16630	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16634	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16638	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16863	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16867	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16871	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16875	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:16879	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17051	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17055	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17059	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17063	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17219	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17223	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17227	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17231	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17235	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17239	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17401	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17405	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17409	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17686	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17690	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17694	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:17698	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:18032	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:18036	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:18040	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:18352	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:18356	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:18360	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:18364	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EMAPA:18368	myocoele	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
XAO:0000246	myocoelic slit	VHOG:0001283	myocoele	well established	"The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6"]
EV:0100381	adipose tissue	VHOG:0001284	adipose tissue	well established	"Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue." [DOI:10.1017/S0029665107005423 "Haugen F, Drevon CA, The interplay between nutrients and the adipose tissue. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2007)"]
MA:0000009	adipose tissue	VHOG:0001284	adipose tissue	well established	"Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue." [DOI:10.1017/S0029665107005423 "Haugen F, Drevon CA, The interplay between nutrients and the adipose tissue. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2007)"]
XAO:0003049	adipose tissue	VHOG:0001284	adipose tissue	well established	"Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue." [DOI:10.1017/S0029665107005423 "Haugen F, Drevon CA, The interplay between nutrients and the adipose tissue. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2007)"]
EV:0100115	endometrium	VHOG:0001285	endometrium	well established	"The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144"]
MA:0000390	endometrium	VHOG:0001285	endometrium	well established	"The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144"]
EV:0100149	tendon	VHOG:0001286	tendon	well established	"Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum." [DOI:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00241-6 "Summers AP, Koob TJ, The evolution of tendon - morphology and material properties. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2002)"]
MA:0000115	tendon	VHOG:0001286	tendon	well established	"Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum." [DOI:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00241-6 "Summers AP, Koob TJ, The evolution of tendon - morphology and material properties. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2002)"]
XAO:0000173	tendon	VHOG:0001286	tendon	well established	"Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum." [DOI:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00241-6 "Summers AP, Koob TJ, The evolution of tendon - morphology and material properties. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2002)"]
EMAPA:18574	dorsal grey horn	VHOG:0001287	spinal cord dorsal horn	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639-643 and Figure 16.27"]
MA:0001119	spinal cord dorsal horn	VHOG:0001287	spinal cord dorsal horn	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639-643 and Figure 16.27"]
ZFA:0000649	dorsal horn spinal cord	VHOG:0001287	spinal cord dorsal horn	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639-643 and Figure 16.27"]
EMAPA:18575	ventral grey horn	VHOG:0001288	spinal cord ventral horn	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639-643 and Figure 16.27"]
MA:0001134	spinal cord ventral horn	VHOG:0001288	spinal cord ventral horn	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639-643 and Figure 16.27"]
ZFA:0000702	ventral horn spinal cord	VHOG:0001288	spinal cord ventral horn	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639-643 and Figure 16.27"]
MA:0001113	meninges	VHOG:0001295	meninx	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
ZFA:0001355	primitive meninx	VHOG:0001295	meninx	well established	"In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639"]
EHDAA:938	optic eminence	VHOG:0001296	optic eminence	obvious	
EMAPA:16322	optic eminence	VHOG:0001296	optic eminence	obvious	
EHDAA:6760	tubotympanic recess	VHOG:0001297	tubotympanic recess	well established	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
EMAPA:17002	tubo-tympanic recess	VHOG:0001297	tubotympanic recess	well established	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
MA:0001218	tubotympanic recess	VHOG:0001297	tubotympanic recess	well established	"The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417"]
EHDAA:3678	future tentorium cerebelli	VHOG:0001298	tentorium cerebelli	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4579	future tentorium cerebelli	VHOG:0001298	tentorium cerebelli	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18210	tentorium cerebelli	VHOG:0001298	tentorium cerebelli	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7547	future subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001302	subarachnoid space diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:8775	future subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001302	subarachnoid space diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:19053	subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001302	subarachnoid space diencephalon	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7611	future subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001303	subarachnoid space hindbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:8823	future subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001303	subarachnoid space hindbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18211	subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001303	subarachnoid space hindbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7641	future subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001304	subarachnoid space midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:8853	future subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001304	subarachnoid space midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:19055	subarachnoid space	VHOG:0001304	subarachnoid space midbrain	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:8491	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8497	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8503	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8509	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8515	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18065	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18070	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18075	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18080	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18085	metacarpus cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001305	metacarpus cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:6902	future appendix	VHOG:0001306	appendix	well established	"A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer." [DOI:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x "Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Randal Bollinger R, Parker W, Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2009)"]
EV:0100076	vermiform appendix	VHOG:0001306	appendix	well established	"A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer." [DOI:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x "Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Randal Bollinger R, Parker W, Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2009)"]
EV:0100080	appendix	VHOG:0001306	appendix	well established	"A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer." [DOI:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x "Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Randal Bollinger R, Parker W, Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2009)"]
MA:0001540	appendix	VHOG:0001306	appendix	well established	"A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer." [DOI:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x "Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Randal Bollinger R, Parker W, Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:9381	cricoid cartilage	VHOG:0001308	cricoid cartilage	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EMAPA:18696	cricoid	VHOG:0001308	cricoid cartilage	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
MA:0001762	cricoid cartilage	VHOG:0001308	cricoid cartilage	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EHDAA:9493	gluteal muscle mass	VHOG:0001316	gluteus muscle	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EMAPA:18186	gluteal	VHOG:0001316	gluteus muscle	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0000535	gluteal muscle	VHOG:0001316	gluteus muscle	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8351	ethmoid bone primordium	VHOG:0001317	ethmoid bone	well established	"The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.259"]
EMAPA:18023	ethmoid bone primordium	VHOG:0001317	ethmoid bone	well established	"The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.259"]
EMAPA:19018	ethmoid bone	VHOG:0001317	ethmoid bone	well established	"The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.259"]
MA:0001483	ethmoid bone	VHOG:0001317	ethmoid bone	well established	"The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.259"]
EHDAA:7255	radius cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001318	radius cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18054	radius cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001318	radius cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8140	primitive sex cords	VHOG:0001321	testis cords	inferred	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00009.2006 "Wilhelm D, Palmer S, Koopman P, Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Physiological Reviews (2007)"]
EHDAA:9374	testis cords	VHOG:0001321	testis cords	inferred	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00009.2006 "Wilhelm D, Palmer S, Koopman P, Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Physiological Reviews (2007)"]
EMAPA:17976	testicular cords	VHOG:0001321	testis cords	inferred	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00009.2006 "Wilhelm D, Palmer S, Koopman P, Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Physiological Reviews (2007)"]
EHDAA:6475	hindbrain	VHOG:0001322	hindbrain venous system	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18632	hindbrain	VHOG:0001322	hindbrain venous system	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4768	frontal process	VHOG:0001323	frontal process	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16802	frontal process	VHOG:0001323	frontal process	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:9528	frontal bone primordium	VHOG:0001324	frontal bone	well established	[DOI:10.1038/nrn1221 "Santagati F, Rijli FM, Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003)"]
EMAPA:18017	frontal bone primordium	VHOG:0001324	frontal bone	well established	[DOI:10.1038/nrn1221 "Santagati F, Rijli FM, Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003)"]
EMAPA:19016	frontal bone	VHOG:0001324	frontal bone	well established	[DOI:10.1038/nrn1221 "Santagati F, Rijli FM, Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003)"]
MA:0001466	frontal bone	VHOG:0001324	frontal bone	well established	[DOI:10.1038/nrn1221 "Santagati F, Rijli FM, Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003)"]
EHDAA:5785	hyoid bone	VHOG:0001325	hyoid bone	well established	[DOI:10.1038/nrn1221 "Santagati F, Rijli FM, Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003)"]
EMAPA:18650	hyoid bone	VHOG:0001325	hyoid bone	well established	[DOI:10.1038/nrn1221 "Santagati F, Rijli FM, Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003)"]
EMAPA:18840	hyoid bone	VHOG:0001325	hyoid bone	well established	[DOI:10.1038/nrn1221 "Santagati F, Rijli FM, Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003)"]
MA:0001484	hyoid bone	VHOG:0001325	hyoid bone	well established	[DOI:10.1038/nrn1221 "Santagati F, Rijli FM, Cranial neural crest and the building of the vertebrate head. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2003)"]
EHDAA:9532	parietal bone primordium	VHOG:0001326	parietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
EMAPA:18019	parietal bone primordium	VHOG:0001326	parietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
EMAPA:18715	parietal bone	VHOG:0001326	parietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
MA:0001469	parietal bone	VHOG:0001326	parietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
ZFA:0000514	frontal bone	VHOG:0001326	parietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
EHDAA:9530	interparietal	VHOG:0001327	interparietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
EMAPA:19017	inter-parietal bone	VHOG:0001327	interparietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
MA:0001467	interparietal bone	VHOG:0001327	interparietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
ZFA:0000486	parietal bone	VHOG:0001327	interparietal bone	well established	"The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
EHDAA:6473	brain	VHOG:0001328	brain venous system	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18631	brain	VHOG:0001328	brain venous system	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:7131	basisphenoid cartilage condenstion	VHOG:0001338	basisphenoid cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EMAPA:18338	basisphenoid cartilage condensation	VHOG:0001338	basisphenoid cartilage condensation	uncertain	Cartilage condensation is a process involving chondrocytes and currently the evolutionary origin of the chondrocyte is unknown. [PMID:21305475 "Cole AG, A review of diversity in the evolution and development of cartilage: the search for the origin of the chondrocyte. European Cells and Materials (2011)"]
EHDAA:8118	primitive sex cords	VHOG:0001339	ovigerous cords	inferred	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00009.2006 "Wilhelm D, Palmer S, Koopman P, Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Physiological Reviews (2007)"]
EMAPA:18981	ovigerous cords	VHOG:0001339	ovigerous cords	inferred	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00009.2006 "Wilhelm D, Palmer S, Koopman P, Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Physiological Reviews (2007)"]
EV:0100109	foreskin	VHOG:0001342	penis foreskin	inferred	[DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0161 "Kelly DA, Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2004)"]
MA:0001744	penis foreskin	VHOG:0001342	penis foreskin	inferred	[DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0161 "Kelly DA, Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2004)"]
EHDAA:3719	chorda tympani branch	VHOG:0001343	facial VII nerve chorda tympani branch	obvious	
EMAPA:18217	chorda tympani branch	VHOG:0001343	facial VII nerve chorda tympani branch	obvious	
MA:0001092	facial VII nerve chorda tympani branch	VHOG:0001343	facial VII nerve chorda tympani branch	obvious	
EHDAA:7771	crus commune	VHOG:0001344	crus commune	well established	[DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.1148 "Luo ZX, Ruf I, Schultz JA, Martin T, Fossil evidence on evolution of inner ear cochlea in Jurassic mammals. Proceedings Biological sciences The Royal Society (2011) Figure 1"]
EMAPA:17818	crus commune	VHOG:0001344	crus commune	well established	[DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.1148 "Luo ZX, Ruf I, Schultz JA, Martin T, Fossil evidence on evolution of inner ear cochlea in Jurassic mammals. Proceedings Biological sciences The Royal Society (2011) Figure 1"]
MA:0001210	crus commune	VHOG:0001344	crus commune	well established	[DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.1148 "Luo ZX, Ruf I, Schultz JA, Martin T, Fossil evidence on evolution of inner ear cochlea in Jurassic mammals. Proceedings Biological sciences The Royal Society (2011) Figure 1"]
EHDAA:3728	mandibular division	VHOG:0001345	trigeminal V nerve mandibular division	well established	The trigeminal nerve has three great branches in mammals: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch and the mandibular branch. [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.185"]
EMAPA:17798	mandibular division	VHOG:0001345	trigeminal V nerve mandibular division	well established	The trigeminal nerve has three great branches in mammals: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch and the mandibular branch. [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.185"]
MA:0001101	trigeminal V nerve mandibular division	VHOG:0001345	trigeminal V nerve mandibular division	well established	The trigeminal nerve has three great branches in mammals: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch and the mandibular branch. [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.185"]
EHDAA:3730	maxillary division	VHOG:0001346	trigeminal V nerve maxillary division	well established	The trigeminal nerve has three great branches in mammals: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch and the mandibular branch. [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.185"]
EMAPA:17799	maxillary division	VHOG:0001346	trigeminal V nerve maxillary division	well established	The trigeminal nerve has three great branches in mammals: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch and the mandibular branch. [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.185"]
MA:0001103	trigeminal V nerve maxillary division	VHOG:0001346	trigeminal V nerve maxillary division	well established	The trigeminal nerve has three great branches in mammals: the ophthalmic branch, the maxillary branch and the mandibular branch. [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.185"]
EHDAA:5619	recurrent laryngeal branch	VHOG:0001347	vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch	obvious	
EMAPA:17274	recurrent laryngeal branch	VHOG:0001347	vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch	obvious	
EMAPA:17276	recurrent laryngeal branch	VHOG:0001347	vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch	obvious	
MA:0001107	vagus X nerve left recurrent laryngeal branch	VHOG:0001347	vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch	obvious	
MA:0001108	vagus X nerve right recurrent laryngeal branch	VHOG:0001347	vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch	obvious	
EMAPA:19177	primitive Sertoli cells	VHOG:0001348	Sertoli cell	uncertain	"There is, however, variation amongst the vertebrates in how germ cell development and maturation is accomplished. This difference can be broadly divided into two distinct patterns, one present in anamniotes (fish, amphibia) and the other in amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals). For anamniotes, spermatogenesis occurs in spermatocysts (cysts) which for most species develop within seminiferous lobules. Cysts are produced when a Sertoli cell becomes associated with a primary spermatogonium. Mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonium produce a cohort of secondary spermatogonia that are enclosed by the Sertoli cell which forms the wall of the cyst. With spermatogenic progression a clone of isogeneic spermatozoa is produced which are released, by rupture of the cyst, into the lumen of the seminiferous lobule. Following spermiation, the Sertoli cell degenerates. For anamniotes, therefore, there is no permanent germinal epithelium since spermatocysts have to be replaced during successive breeding seasons. By contrast, spermatogenesis in amniotes does not occur in cysts but in seminiferous tubules that possess a permanent population of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia which act as a germ cell reservoir for succeeding bouts of spermatogenic activity. There is, in general, a greater variation in the organization of the testis and pattern of spermatogenesis in the anamniotes compared to amniotes." [DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070320602 "Pudney J, Spermatogenesis in nonmammalian vertebrates. Microscopy Research and Technique (2010)"]
EMAPA:19288	Sertoli cells	VHOG:0001348	Sertoli cell	uncertain	"There is, however, variation amongst the vertebrates in how germ cell development and maturation is accomplished. This difference can be broadly divided into two distinct patterns, one present in anamniotes (fish, amphibia) and the other in amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals). For anamniotes, spermatogenesis occurs in spermatocysts (cysts) which for most species develop within seminiferous lobules. Cysts are produced when a Sertoli cell becomes associated with a primary spermatogonium. Mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonium produce a cohort of secondary spermatogonia that are enclosed by the Sertoli cell which forms the wall of the cyst. With spermatogenic progression a clone of isogeneic spermatozoa is produced which are released, by rupture of the cyst, into the lumen of the seminiferous lobule. Following spermiation, the Sertoli cell degenerates. For anamniotes, therefore, there is no permanent germinal epithelium since spermatocysts have to be replaced during successive breeding seasons. By contrast, spermatogenesis in amniotes does not occur in cysts but in seminiferous tubules that possess a permanent population of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia which act as a germ cell reservoir for succeeding bouts of spermatogenic activity. There is, in general, a greater variation in the organization of the testis and pattern of spermatogenesis in the anamniotes compared to amniotes." [DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070320602 "Pudney J, Spermatogenesis in nonmammalian vertebrates. Microscopy Research and Technique (2010)"]
ZFA:0009133	Sertoli cell	VHOG:0001348	Sertoli cell	uncertain	"There is, however, variation amongst the vertebrates in how germ cell development and maturation is accomplished. This difference can be broadly divided into two distinct patterns, one present in anamniotes (fish, amphibia) and the other in amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals). For anamniotes, spermatogenesis occurs in spermatocysts (cysts) which for most species develop within seminiferous lobules. Cysts are produced when a Sertoli cell becomes associated with a primary spermatogonium. Mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonium produce a cohort of secondary spermatogonia that are enclosed by the Sertoli cell which forms the wall of the cyst. With spermatogenic progression a clone of isogeneic spermatozoa is produced which are released, by rupture of the cyst, into the lumen of the seminiferous lobule. Following spermiation, the Sertoli cell degenerates. For anamniotes, therefore, there is no permanent germinal epithelium since spermatocysts have to be replaced during successive breeding seasons. By contrast, spermatogenesis in amniotes does not occur in cysts but in seminiferous tubules that possess a permanent population of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia which act as a germ cell reservoir for succeeding bouts of spermatogenic activity. There is, in general, a greater variation in the organization of the testis and pattern of spermatogenesis in the anamniotes compared to amniotes." [DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070320602 "Pudney J, Spermatogenesis in nonmammalian vertebrates. Microscopy Research and Technique (2010)"]
EHDAA:3732	ophthalmic division	VHOG:0001349	trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division	well established	"The profundus nerve is a distinct nerve only in fishes. (...) In mammals, the profundus nerve is the same as the most rostral (ophthalmic) branch of the trigeminal nerve." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.177"]
EMAPA:17800	ophthalmic division	VHOG:0001349	trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division	well established	"The profundus nerve is a distinct nerve only in fishes. (...) In mammals, the profundus nerve is the same as the most rostral (ophthalmic) branch of the trigeminal nerve." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.177"]
MA:0001104	trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division	VHOG:0001349	trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division	well established	"The profundus nerve is a distinct nerve only in fishes. (...) In mammals, the profundus nerve is the same as the most rostral (ophthalmic) branch of the trigeminal nerve." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.177"]
EHDAA:1522	biliary bud	VHOG:0001351	biliary bud	inferred	[DOI:10.1242/jcs.03330 "Dutton JR, Chillingworth NL, Eberhard D, Brannon CR, Hornsey MA, Tosh D, Slack JM, Beta cells occur naturally in extrahepatic bile ducts of mice. Journal of Cell Science (2007)"]
EHDAA:2179	biliary bud	VHOG:0001351	biliary bud	inferred	[DOI:10.1242/jcs.03330 "Dutton JR, Chillingworth NL, Eberhard D, Brannon CR, Hornsey MA, Tosh D, Slack JM, Beta cells occur naturally in extrahepatic bile ducts of mice. Journal of Cell Science (2007)"]
EMAPA:16561	biliary bud	VHOG:0001351	biliary bud	inferred	[DOI:10.1242/jcs.03330 "Dutton JR, Chillingworth NL, Eberhard D, Brannon CR, Hornsey MA, Tosh D, Slack JM, Beta cells occur naturally in extrahepatic bile ducts of mice. Journal of Cell Science (2007)"]
EHDAA:5870	oronasal cavity	VHOG:0001352	oronasal cavity	well established	[DOI:10.1098/rstb.2001.0976 "Kuratani S, Nobusada Y, Horigome N, Shigetani Y, Embryology of the lamprey and evolution of the vertebrate jaw: insights from molecular and developmental perspectives. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological sciences (2001) Figure 10"]
EMAPA:17200	oronasal cavity	VHOG:0001352	oronasal cavity	well established	[DOI:10.1098/rstb.2001.0976 "Kuratani S, Nobusada Y, Horigome N, Shigetani Y, Embryology of the lamprey and evolution of the vertebrate jaw: insights from molecular and developmental perspectives. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological sciences (2001) Figure 10"]
EV:0100114	uterine cervix	VHOG:0001359	uterine cervix	well established	"The evolution of mammals is associated with radical changes in their reproductive biology, particularly the structure and function of the female reproductive organs. These changes include the evolution of the uterus, cervix, vagina, placenta and specialized cell types associated with each of those structures." [DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2848 "Lynch VJ, Roth JJ, Takahashi K, Dunn CW, Nonaka DF, Stopper GF, Wagner GP, Adaptive evolution of HoxA-11 and HoxA-13 at the origin of the uterus in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B (2004)"]
MA:0000392	uterine cervix	VHOG:0001359	uterine cervix	well established	"The evolution of mammals is associated with radical changes in their reproductive biology, particularly the structure and function of the female reproductive organs. These changes include the evolution of the uterus, cervix, vagina, placenta and specialized cell types associated with each of those structures." [DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2848 "Lynch VJ, Roth JJ, Takahashi K, Dunn CW, Nonaka DF, Stopper GF, Wagner GP, Adaptive evolution of HoxA-11 and HoxA-13 at the origin of the uterus in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B (2004)"]
EMAPA:19036	stalk	VHOG:0001360	pineal gland stalk	well established	"The epithalamus contains the epiphysis (pineal gland and related structures), which is located at the end of a stalk, the epiphyseal stalk." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.66"]
ZFA:0001292	epiphyseal stalk	VHOG:0001360	pineal gland stalk	well established	"The epithalamus contains the epiphysis (pineal gland and related structures), which is located at the end of a stalk, the epiphyseal stalk." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.66"]
EMAPA:18735	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18736	claw primordium	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18737	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18738	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18739	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18740	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18741	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18742	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18743	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EV:0100159	nail	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
MA:0002703	nail	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
XAO:0003103	claw	VHOG:0001361	claw	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EV:0100158	nail bed	VHOG:0001362	nail bed	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
MA:0002706	nail bed	VHOG:0001362	nail bed	debated	"Only primates have nails. In other vertebrates, the keratinizing system at the terminus of each digit produces claws or hooves." Controversies persist about homologies of integumentary structures. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p. 225 and p.230-232"]
EMAPA:18330	primitive seminiferous tubules	VHOG:0001363	seminiferous tubule	well established	"Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688 and Figure 21-28"]
EMAPA:18685	primitive seminiferous tubules	VHOG:0001363	seminiferous tubule	well established	"Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688 and Figure 21-28"]
EV:0100380	seminiferous tubule	VHOG:0001363	seminiferous tubule	well established	"Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688 and Figure 21-28"]
MA:0000412	seminiferous tubule	VHOG:0001363	seminiferous tubule	well established	"Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688 and Figure 21-28"]
XAO:0003088	seminiferous tubule	VHOG:0001363	seminiferous tubule	well established	"Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688 and Figure 21-28"]
EHDAA:4673	auditory hillocks	VHOG:0001364	auditory hillocks	inferred	"Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420"]
EMAPA:17280	auditory hillocks	VHOG:0001364	auditory hillocks	inferred	"Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420"]
EHDAA:9383	thyroid cartilage	VHOG:0001365	thyroid cartilage	well established	"[In anura] a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) [In mammals] Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EMAPA:18698	thyroid	VHOG:0001365	thyroid cartilage	well established	"[In anura] a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) [In mammals] Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
MA:0001764	thyroid cartilage	VHOG:0001365	thyroid cartilage	well established	"[In anura] a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) [In mammals] Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EMAPA:18215	tegmentum	VHOG:0001367	tegmentum	well established	"Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny." [DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.001 "Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadon R, Rodicio MC, The tegmental proliferation region in the sea lamprey. Brain Research Bulletin (2005)"]
MA:0000212	midbrain tegmentum	VHOG:0001367	tegmentum	well established	"Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny." [DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.001 "Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadon R, Rodicio MC, The tegmental proliferation region in the sea lamprey. Brain Research Bulletin (2005)"]
ZFA:0000160	tegmentum	VHOG:0001367	tegmentum	well established	"Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny." [DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.001 "Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadon R, Rodicio MC, The tegmental proliferation region in the sea lamprey. Brain Research Bulletin (2005)"]
EMAPA:19202	nasal bone	VHOG:0001370	nasal bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.244-245"]
MA:0001494	nasal bone	VHOG:0001370	nasal bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.244-245"]
ZFA:0000365	nasal bone	VHOG:0001370	nasal bone	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.244-245"]
EHDAA:4764	process	VHOG:0001371	nose process	well established	Nose is one of the characteristics of craniates (reference 1); Frontal nasal process of mammals is illustrated in reference 2. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42", ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.421 and Figure 13.13"]
EMAPA:16680	process	VHOG:0001371	nose process	well established	Nose is one of the characteristics of craniates (reference 1); Frontal nasal process of mammals is illustrated in reference 2. [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.41 and Figure 2-11 p.42", ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.421 and Figure 13.13"]
EHDAA:257	non-neural ectoderm	VHOG:0001372	non neural ectoderm	well established	"In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein "short gastrulation", the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
EMAPA:16074	non-neural ectoderm	VHOG:0001372	non neural ectoderm	well established	"In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein "short gastrulation", the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
ZFA:0001178	non neural ectoderm	VHOG:0001372	non neural ectoderm	well established	"In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein "short gastrulation", the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals." [DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 "Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999)"]
MA:0000823	choroid plexus	VHOG:0001377	choroid plexus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0001443	choroid plexus	VHOG:0001377	choroid plexus	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:18428	medulla	VHOG:0001378	adrenal medulla	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
EV:0100137	adrenal medulla	VHOG:0001378	adrenal medulla	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
MA:0000119	adrenal gland medulla	VHOG:0001378	adrenal medulla	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
XAO:0000166	adrenal medulla	VHOG:0001378	adrenal medulla	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
EMAPA:19180	seminal vesicle	VHOG:0001379	seminal vesicle	well established	" (In mammalian testis) Along the way (the sperm travel), three accessory sex glands, the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, respectively, add their secretions as sperm move from the testes to the urethra." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.556"]
EV:0100106	seminal vesicle	VHOG:0001379	seminal vesicle	well established	" (In mammalian testis) Along the way (the sperm travel), three accessory sex glands, the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, respectively, add their secretions as sperm move from the testes to the urethra." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.556"]
MA:0000410	seminal vesicle	VHOG:0001379	seminal vesicle	well established	" (In mammalian testis) Along the way (the sperm travel), three accessory sex glands, the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, respectively, add their secretions as sperm move from the testes to the urethra." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.556"]
XAO:0000108	chordoneural hinge	VHOG:0001382	chordoneural hinge	well established	"Although there is mounting evidence showing the comparability of events and formation of different nascent tissue types during gastrulation and tail development, recent work also suggests the presence of an ongoing stem cell population capable of contributing to multiple tissue types in the tail of several different vertebrates, situated in the chordoneural hinge region of the tail bud. It would seem likely that secondary signaling centers regulate the fate to be adopted by such pluripotent progenitors." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20017 "Liu C, Knezevic V, Mackem S, Ventral tail bud mesenchyme is a signaling for tail paraxial mesoderm induction. Developmental Dynamics (2004)"]
ZFA:0001082	chordo neural hinge	VHOG:0001382	chordoneural hinge	well established	"Although there is mounting evidence showing the comparability of events and formation of different nascent tissue types during gastrulation and tail development, recent work also suggests the presence of an ongoing stem cell population capable of contributing to multiple tissue types in the tail of several different vertebrates, situated in the chordoneural hinge region of the tail bud. It would seem likely that secondary signaling centers regulate the fate to be adopted by such pluripotent progenitors." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20017 "Liu C, Knezevic V, Mackem S, Ventral tail bud mesenchyme is a signaling for tail paraxial mesoderm induction. Developmental Dynamics (2004)"]
XAO:0000250	posterior neural tube	VHOG:0001383	posterior neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0007037	posterior neural tube	VHOG:0001383	posterior neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
XAO:0000307	anterior neural tube	VHOG:0001384	anterior neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
ZFA:0007038	anterior neural tube	VHOG:0001384	anterior neural tube	well established	" (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28"]
EHDAA:1902	bulbar ridge	VHOG:0001385	bulbar ridge	well established	The left and right bulbar ridges, together with the endocardial cushion, are structures involved in the formation of the chambers and valves of the heart. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.478-482 and Figure 15.8"]
EMAPA:17332	bulbar ridge	VHOG:0001385	bulbar ridge	well established	The left and right bulbar ridges, together with the endocardial cushion, are structures involved in the formation of the chambers and valves of the heart. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.478-482 and Figure 15.8"]
EMAPA:17867	bulbar ridge	VHOG:0001385	bulbar ridge	well established	The left and right bulbar ridges, together with the endocardial cushion, are structures involved in the formation of the chambers and valves of the heart. [ISBN:978-0878932504 "Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.478-482 and Figure 15.8"]
EMAPA:19051	tectum	VHOG:0001388	tectum	well established	"The tectum - a multisensory, topologically mapped structure in the roof of the midbrain presents a remarkable degree of conservation in all vertebrate radiations; although it varies in the extent of its development in different vertebrate classes, there is considerable evidence now to deem its layered structure, its cell types, and its hodological pattern as homologous in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003582 "Maximino C, Evolutionary Changes in the Complexity of the Tectum of Nontetrapods: A Cladistic Approach. PLoS ONE (2008)"]
MA:0000211	tectum	VHOG:0001388	tectum	well established	"The tectum - a multisensory, topologically mapped structure in the roof of the midbrain presents a remarkable degree of conservation in all vertebrate radiations; although it varies in the extent of its development in different vertebrate classes, there is considerable evidence now to deem its layered structure, its cell types, and its hodological pattern as homologous in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003582 "Maximino C, Evolutionary Changes in the Complexity of the Tectum of Nontetrapods: A Cladistic Approach. PLoS ONE (2008)"]
XAO:0003226	optic tectum	VHOG:0001388	tectum	well established	"The tectum - a multisensory, topologically mapped structure in the roof of the midbrain presents a remarkable degree of conservation in all vertebrate radiations; although it varies in the extent of its development in different vertebrate classes, there is considerable evidence now to deem its layered structure, its cell types, and its hodological pattern as homologous in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003582 "Maximino C, Evolutionary Changes in the Complexity of the Tectum of Nontetrapods: A Cladistic Approach. PLoS ONE (2008)"]
ZFA:0000445	optic tectum	VHOG:0001388	tectum	well established	"The tectum - a multisensory, topologically mapped structure in the roof of the midbrain presents a remarkable degree of conservation in all vertebrate radiations; although it varies in the extent of its development in different vertebrate classes, there is considerable evidence now to deem its layered structure, its cell types, and its hodological pattern as homologous in all vertebrates." [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003582 "Maximino C, Evolutionary Changes in the Complexity of the Tectum of Nontetrapods: A Cladistic Approach. PLoS ONE (2008)"]
EHDAA:9134	skeletal muscle	VHOG:0001390	tongue skeletal muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EMAPA:17883	skeletal muscle	VHOG:0001390	tongue skeletal muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EMAPA:18879	skeletal muscle	VHOG:0001390	tongue skeletal muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
MA:0001596	tongue skeletal muscle	VHOG:0001390	tongue skeletal muscle	well established	"The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals)." [DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 "Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005)"]
EHDAA:5998	rhomboid pre-muscle mass	VHOG:0001391	rhomboid muscle	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8303	rhomboid	VHOG:0001391	rhomboid muscle	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
MA:0002367	rhomboid	VHOG:0001391	rhomboid muscle	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.394 Table 10.2"]
EHDAA:8643	papillary muscles	VHOG:0001392	papillary muscle	well established	"On the internal or parietal surface of the left ventricle in man and in mammals are two papillary muscles, which are almost identical and well developed." [DOI:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00345. x]
MA:0002800	papillary muscle	VHOG:0001392	papillary muscle	well established	"On the internal or parietal surface of the left ventricle in man and in mammals are two papillary muscles, which are almost identical and well developed." [DOI:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00345. x]
EHDAA:4396	semi-lunar valves	VHOG:0001393	semilunar valve	well established	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
MA:0002790	semilunar valve	VHOG:0001393	semilunar valve	well established	"Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human." [DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 "Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009)"]
EHDAA:3404	future aortic component	VHOG:0001394	outflow tract aortic component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:4386	aortic component	VHOG:0001394	outflow tract aortic component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:7399	aortic component	VHOG:0001394	outflow tract aortic component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:17329	aortic component	VHOG:0001394	outflow tract aortic component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
MA:0000101	outflow tract aortic component	VHOG:0001394	outflow tract aortic component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:3406	future pulmonary component	VHOG:0001395	outflow tract pulmonary component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:4389	pulmonary component	VHOG:0001395	outflow tract pulmonary component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:7403	pulmonary component	VHOG:0001395	outflow tract pulmonary component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EMAPA:17330	pulmonary component	VHOG:0001395	outflow tract pulmonary component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
MA:0000102	outflow tract pulmonary component	VHOG:0001395	outflow tract pulmonary component	inferred	[DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 "Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010)"]
EHDAA:1022	vascular component	VHOG:0001396	extraembryonic vascular system	well established	"Extraembryonic vasculogenesis precedes intraembryonic vascular development, and in mammals is first apparent as blood islands assembling within the mesodermal layer of the yolk sac." [DOI:10.1161/01.ATV.0000183609.55154.44 "Ferguson JE 3rd, Kelley RW, Patterson C, Mechanisms of endothelial differentiation in embryonic vasculogenesis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:16370	cardiovascular system	VHOG:0001396	extraembryonic vascular system	well established	"Extraembryonic vasculogenesis precedes intraembryonic vascular development, and in mammals is first apparent as blood islands assembling within the mesodermal layer of the yolk sac." [DOI:10.1161/01.ATV.0000183609.55154.44 "Ferguson JE 3rd, Kelley RW, Patterson C, Mechanisms of endothelial differentiation in embryonic vasculogenesis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology (2005)"]
EMAPA:18722	scapula	VHOG:0001398	scapula	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18"]
MA:0001330	scapula	VHOG:0001398	scapula	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18"]
ZFA:0000583	scapula	VHOG:0001398	scapula	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18"]
EHDAA:4106	future central tendon	VHOG:0001399	central tendon	well established	"In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs." [DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003]
EMAPA:17702	central tendon	VHOG:0001399	central tendon	well established	"In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs." [DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003]
EHDAA:1005	laryngo-tracheal groove	VHOG:0001404	laryngo-tracheal groove	well established	"Lung development begins with the appearance of the laryngotracheal groove, which is a small diverticulum that arises from the floor of the primitive pharynx at E9 in mouse and 4 wk in human." [PMID:15817505 "Warburton D, Bellusci S, De Langhe S, Del Moral PM, Fleury V, Mailleux A, Tefft D, Unbekandt M, Wang K, Shi W, Molecular mechanisms of early lung specification and branching morphogenesis. Pediatric Research (2005)"]
EHDAA:1572	laryngo-tracheal groove	VHOG:0001404	laryngo-tracheal groove	well established	"Lung development begins with the appearance of the laryngotracheal groove, which is a small diverticulum that arises from the floor of the primitive pharynx at E9 in mouse and 4 wk in human." [PMID:15817505 "Warburton D, Bellusci S, De Langhe S, Del Moral PM, Fleury V, Mailleux A, Tefft D, Unbekandt M, Wang K, Shi W, Molecular mechanisms of early lung specification and branching morphogenesis. Pediatric Research (2005)"]
EMAPA:16739	laryngo-tracheal groove	VHOG:0001404	laryngo-tracheal groove	well established	"Lung development begins with the appearance of the laryngotracheal groove, which is a small diverticulum that arises from the floor of the primitive pharynx at E9 in mouse and 4 wk in human." [PMID:15817505 "Warburton D, Bellusci S, De Langhe S, Del Moral PM, Fleury V, Mailleux A, Tefft D, Unbekandt M, Wang K, Shi W, Molecular mechanisms of early lung specification and branching morphogenesis. Pediatric Research (2005)"]
EHDAA:766	bulbo-ventricular groove	VHOG:0001405	bulboventricular groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VN, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:16693	bulboventricular groove	VHOG:0001405	bulboventricular groove	inferred	[DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VN, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EHDAA:500	sensory organ	VHOG:0001407	sensory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.118-123 and Table 7.1"]
EMAPA:16192	sensory organ	VHOG:0001407	sensory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.118-123 and Table 7.1"]
MA:0000017	sensory organ	VHOG:0001407	sensory organ	well established	[ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.118-123 and Table 7.1"]
EHDAA:10634	optic foramen	VHOG:0001408	optic foramen	well established	Optic foramen is a synapomorphic character in Eutheria. [PMID:3127652 "Shoshani J, Mammalian phylogeny: comparison of morphological and molecular results. Molecular Biology and Evolution (1986)"]
EMAPA:18716	optic foramen	VHOG:0001408	optic foramen	well established	Optic foramen is a synapomorphic character in Eutheria. [PMID:3127652 "Shoshani J, Mammalian phylogeny: comparison of morphological and molecular results. Molecular Biology and Evolution (1986)"]
EHDAA:2711	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2723	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2751	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2763	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2775	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2787	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2799	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2813	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3542	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3556	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3596	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3610	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3624	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3638	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3652	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3668	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16786	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16787	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16788	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16789	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16790	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16791	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16792	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16793	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16923	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16930	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16937	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16944	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16951	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16958	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16965	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16972	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17097	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17104	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17111	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17118	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17125	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17132	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17139	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17146	ventricular layer	VHOG:0001410	ventricular layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1457	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:1997	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2009	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2021	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2031	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2043	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2053	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2065	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2077	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2709	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2721	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2749	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2761	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2773	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2785	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2797	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2811	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3540	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3554	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3594	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3608	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3622	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3636	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3650	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3666	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16922	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16929	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16936	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16943	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16950	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16957	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16964	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16971	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17096	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17103	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17110	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17117	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17124	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17131	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17138	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17145	marginal layer	VHOG:0001413	marginal layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2871	marginal layer	VHOG:0001414	marginal layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4633	marginal layer	VHOG:0001414	marginal layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17583	marginal layer	VHOG:0001414	marginal layer lateral wall spinal cord	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3538	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3552	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3592	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3606	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3620	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3634	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3648	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3664	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16921	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16928	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16935	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16942	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16949	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16956	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16963	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16970	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17095	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17102	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17109	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17116	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17123	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17130	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17137	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17144	mantle layer	VHOG:0001415	mantle layer lateral wall rhombomere	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:19175	future Leydig cells	VHOG:0001417	Leydig cell	uncertain	[DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
ZFA:0009108	Leydig cell	VHOG:0001417	Leydig cell	uncertain	[DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:18207	caudate nucleus	VHOG:0001419	caudate nucleus	well established	"All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 "Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011)"]
EV:0100185	caudate nucleus	VHOG:0001419	caudate nucleus	well established	"All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 "Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011)"]
MA:0000894	caudate nucleus	VHOG:0001419	caudate nucleus	well established	"All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 "Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011)"]
EHDAA:3983	left lobe	VHOG:0001423	liver left lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EMAPA:18307	left	VHOG:0001423	liver left lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
MA:0000361	liver left lobe	VHOG:0001423	liver left lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EHDAA:3989	right lobe	VHOG:0001424	liver right lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EMAPA:18311	right	VHOG:0001424	liver right lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
MA:0000363	liver right lobe	VHOG:0001424	liver right lobe	inferred	[DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 "Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007)"]
EHDAA:3776	1st branchial membrane	VHOG:0001427	1st pharyngeal membrane	well established	"In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings." [ISBN:978-0124020603 "Kaufman MH, Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72"]
EMAPA:16121	branchial membrane	VHOG:0001427	1st pharyngeal membrane	well established	"In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings." [ISBN:978-0124020603 "Kaufman MH, Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72"]
EMAPA:16992	1st branchial membrane	VHOG:0001427	1st pharyngeal membrane	well established	"In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings." [ISBN:978-0124020603 "Kaufman MH, Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72"]
EHDAA:2153	dorsal bud	VHOG:0001428	dorsal pancreatic bud	well established	"In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 "Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 "Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000)"]
EMAPA:17067	dorsal bud	VHOG:0001428	dorsal pancreatic bud	well established	"In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 "Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 "Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000)"]
XAO:0000467	dorsal pancreatic bud	VHOG:0001428	dorsal pancreatic bud	well established	"In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 "Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 "Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000)"]
ZFA:0001370	posterior pancreatic bud	VHOG:0001428	dorsal pancreatic bud	well established	"In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 "Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 "Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000)"]
EHDAA:3891	ventral bud	VHOG:0001429	ventral pancreatic bud	well established	"In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 "Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 "Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000)"]
EMAPA:17256	ventral bud	VHOG:0001429	ventral pancreatic bud	well established	"In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 "Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 "Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000)"]
XAO:0001103	ventral pancreatic bud	VHOG:0001429	ventral pancreatic bud	well established	"In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 "Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 "Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000)"]
ZFA:0001369	anterior pancreatic bud	VHOG:0001429	ventral pancreatic bud	well established	"In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 "Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 "Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000)"]
EHDAA:9021	anterior chamber	VHOG:0001431	eye anterior chamber	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424-428 and Figure 12-25"]
EMAPA:18231	anterior chamber	VHOG:0001431	eye anterior chamber	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424-428 and Figure 12-25"]
MA:0000262	eye anterior chamber	VHOG:0001431	eye anterior chamber	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424-428 and Figure 12-25"]
EHDAA:2985	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001433	stomach epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17023	epithelium	VHOG:0001433	stomach epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
MA:0001610	stomach epithelium	VHOG:0001433	stomach epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:9236	epithelium	VHOG:0001434	parotid gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:18538	epithelium	VHOG:0001434	parotid gland epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:452	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001436	bulbus cordis rostral half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:782	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001436	bulbus cordis rostral half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16223	endocardial tube	VHOG:0001436	bulbus cordis rostral half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16340	endocardial tube	VHOG:0001436	bulbus cordis rostral half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EMAPA:16695	endocardial lining	VHOG:0001436	bulbus cordis rostral half endocardium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450-451"]
EHDAA:8001	epithelium	VHOG:0001443	tooth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8007	epithelium	VHOG:0001443	tooth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8037	epithelium	VHOG:0001443	tooth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8043	epithelium	VHOG:0001443	tooth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17919	epithelium	VHOG:0001443	tooth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17922	epithelium	VHOG:0001443	tooth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17940	epithelium	VHOG:0001443	tooth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17943	epithelium	VHOG:0001443	tooth epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EV:0100043	alveolus	VHOG:0001445	lung alveolus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.433 and Figure 11.33"]
MA:0000420	lung alveolus	VHOG:0001445	lung alveolus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.433 and Figure 11.33"]
EHDAA:7031	segmental bronchus	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:7037	segmental bronchus	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:7046	segmental bronchus	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:7052	segmental bronchus	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:7058	segmental bronchus	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:8165	segmental bronchi	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:8177	segmental bronchi	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:8193	segmental bronchi	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:8203	segmental bronchi	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:8215	segmental bronchi	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
MA:0000439	segmental bronchus	VHOG:0001446	segmental bronchus	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.592 and Figure 18-15, C"]
EHDAA:9342	pelvic part	VHOG:0001448	pelvic part urogenital sinus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, B"]
EMAPA:18327	pelvic part	VHOG:0001448	pelvic part urogenital sinus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, B"]
EHDAA:7002	phallic part	VHOG:0001449	phallic part urogenital sinus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, B"]
EMAPA:17956	phallic part	VHOG:0001449	phallic part urogenital sinus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, B"]
EHDAA:7006	vesical part	VHOG:0001450	vesical part urogenital sinus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, B"]
EMAPA:17958	vesical part	VHOG:0001450	vesical part urogenital sinus	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, B"]
EV:0100187	putamen	VHOG:0001456	putamen	well established	"All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 "Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011)"]
MA:0000895	putamen	VHOG:0001456	putamen	well established	"All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 "Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011)"]
EV:0100241	brain stem	VHOG:0001457	brainstem	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0000169	brainstem	VHOG:0001457	brainstem	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0001707	brainstem	VHOG:0001457	brainstem	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EV:0100118	vulva	VHOG:0001458	vulva	obvious	
MA:0000395	vulva	VHOG:0001458	vulva	obvious	
EHDAA:5702	equatorial epithelium	VHOG:0001459	lens equatorial epithelium	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.034 "Fig.2"]
EHDAA:9051	equatorial epithelium	VHOG:0001459	lens equatorial epithelium	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.034 "Fig.2"]
EMAPA:17305	equatorial epithelium	VHOG:0001459	lens equatorial epithelium	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.034 "Fig.2"]
EMAPA:17840	equatorial epithelium	VHOG:0001459	lens equatorial epithelium	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.034 "Fig.2"]
MA:0001303	lens equatorial epithelium	VHOG:0001459	lens equatorial epithelium	well established	[DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.034 "Fig.2"]
EMAPA:18294	dental papilla	VHOG:0001465	dental papilla	uncertain	"Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin." [DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 "The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:18297	dental papilla	VHOG:0001465	dental papilla	uncertain	"Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin." [DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 "The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:18300	dental papilla	VHOG:0001465	dental papilla	uncertain	"Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin." [DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 "The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:18303	dental papilla	VHOG:0001465	dental papilla	uncertain	"Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin." [DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 "The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011)"]
MA:0001598	dental papilla	VHOG:0001465	dental papilla	uncertain	"Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin." [DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 "The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011)"]
ZFA:0005140	dental papilla	VHOG:0001465	dental papilla	uncertain	"Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin." [DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 "The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011)"]
EMAPA:19251	pyloric sphincter	VHOG:0001466	pyloric sphincter	uncertain	"(...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...)." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x]
XAO:0000457	pyloric sphincter	VHOG:0001466	pyloric sphincter	uncertain	"(...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...)." [DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x]
EV:0100160	sweat gland	VHOG:0001467	sweat gland	well established	"Sweat glands (also called sudoriferous glands) are unique to mammals." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.101"]
MA:0000150	sweat gland	VHOG:0001467	sweat gland	well established	"Sweat glands (also called sudoriferous glands) are unique to mammals." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.101"]
EV:0100161	sebaceous gland	VHOG:0001468	sebaceous gland	well established	"Sebaceous glands are also limited to mammals." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.102"]
MA:0002565	sebaceous gland	VHOG:0001468	sebaceous gland	well established	"Sebaceous glands are also limited to mammals." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.102"]
MA:0001599	dental pulp	VHOG:0001469	dental pulp	uncertain	"The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nature07304 "Soukup V, Epperlein HH, Horacek I, Cerny R, Dual epithelial origin of vertebrate oral teeth. Nature (2008)", DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 "The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011)"]
ZFA:0005141	tooth pulp	VHOG:0001469	dental pulp	uncertain	"The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1038/nature07304 "Soukup V, Epperlein HH, Horacek I, Cerny R, Dual epithelial origin of vertebrate oral teeth. Nature (2008)", DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 "The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011)"]
EHDAA:1886	foramen	VHOG:0001470	foramen primum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]; [about heart development] "In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "p.433"]
EMAPA:17012	foramen primum	VHOG:0001470	foramen primum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]; [about heart development] "In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "p.433"]
EMAPA:17173	foramen primum	VHOG:0001470	foramen primum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]; [about heart development] "In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "p.433"]
EHDAA:3392	foramen	VHOG:0001471	foramen secundum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]; [about heart development] "In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "p.433"]
EMAPA:17863	foramen secundum	VHOG:0001471	foramen secundum	well established	"The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]; [about heart development] "In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages." [ISBN:978-0721676678 "p.433"]
EHDAA:7409	atrioventricular valves	VHOG:0001472	atrioventricular valve	uncertain	"The conus arteriosus is the most distal part of the primitive fish heart and forms the connection between the ventricle and the ventral aorta.  At the sinoatrial, the atrioventricular, and the ventriculoconal junctions, valves developed to prevent backflow of blood during relaxation of the preceding compartment." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003]
MA:0002789	atrioventricular valve	VHOG:0001472	atrioventricular valve	uncertain	"The conus arteriosus is the most distal part of the primitive fish heart and forms the connection between the ventricle and the ventral aorta.  At the sinoatrial, the atrioventricular, and the ventriculoconal junctions, valves developed to prevent backflow of blood during relaxation of the preceding compartment." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003]
ZFA:0005064	atrioventricular valve	VHOG:0001472	atrioventricular valve	uncertain	"The conus arteriosus is the most distal part of the primitive fish heart and forms the connection between the ventricle and the ventral aorta.  At the sinoatrial, the atrioventricular, and the ventriculoconal junctions, valves developed to prevent backflow of blood during relaxation of the preceding compartment." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003]
EHDAA:764	atrio-ventricular canal	VHOG:0001473	atrioventricular canal	uncertain	"The heart is the first organ to form and function in a vertebrate. (...) Septation of the AV canal is initiated with the formation of inferior and superior endocardial cushions in response to signaling from the overlying myocardium. (...) Analysis of zebrafish mutants with cardiovascular defects uncovered a previously unexpected level of conservation between zebrafish and human cardiovascular physiology." [DOI:10.1016/j.ddmec.2004.08.004 "Haramis APG, Clevers HC, Holehearted: genetic approaches to congenital cardiac valve malformations. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms (2004)"]
EMAPA:16546	atrio-ventricular canal	VHOG:0001473	atrioventricular canal	uncertain	"The heart is the first organ to form and function in a vertebrate. (...) Septation of the AV canal is initiated with the formation of inferior and superior endocardial cushions in response to signaling from the overlying myocardium. (...) Analysis of zebrafish mutants with cardiovascular defects uncovered a previously unexpected level of conservation between zebrafish and human cardiovascular physiology." [DOI:10.1016/j.ddmec.2004.08.004 "Haramis APG, Clevers HC, Holehearted: genetic approaches to congenital cardiac valve malformations. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms (2004)"]
ZFA:0001315	atrioventricular canal	VHOG:0001473	atrioventricular canal	uncertain	"The heart is the first organ to form and function in a vertebrate. (...) Septation of the AV canal is initiated with the formation of inferior and superior endocardial cushions in response to signaling from the overlying myocardium. (...) Analysis of zebrafish mutants with cardiovascular defects uncovered a previously unexpected level of conservation between zebrafish and human cardiovascular physiology." [DOI:10.1016/j.ddmec.2004.08.004 "Haramis APG, Clevers HC, Holehearted: genetic approaches to congenital cardiac valve malformations. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms (2004)"]
MA:0000095	atrioventricular node	VHOG:0001474	atrioventricular node	uncertain	"Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus. Furthermore, within the ventricular component a compact outer myocardial component and an interiorly localized extensive trabecular component can be distinguished. The specific activation of the ventricle adds to its complexity as follows. The depolarizing impulse travels rapidly from the atrioventricular node toward the apex and then toward the conal region, achieving activation from apex to base." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
ZFA:0005070	atrioventricular node	VHOG:0001474	atrioventricular node	uncertain	"Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus. Furthermore, within the ventricular component a compact outer myocardial component and an interiorly localized extensive trabecular component can be distinguished. The specific activation of the ventricle adds to its complexity as follows. The depolarizing impulse travels rapidly from the atrioventricular node toward the apex and then toward the conal region, achieving activation from apex to base." [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 "Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation:  Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003)"]
EMAPA:18988	glans penis	VHOG:0001475	glans penis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, D"]
EV:0100108	glans	VHOG:0001475	glans penis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, D"]
MA:0002726	glans penis	VHOG:0001475	glans penis	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.680-682 and Figure 21-23, D"]
EV:0100339	lacrimal gland	VHOG:0001476	lacrimal gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) The eye of terrestrial vertebrates, p.431-432 and Figure 12-30"]
MA:0001296	lacrimal gland	VHOG:0001476	lacrimal gland	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) The eye of terrestrial vertebrates, p.431-432 and Figure 12-30"]
EHDAA:4721	hyaloid cavity	VHOG:0001477	hyaloid cavity	well established	The hyaloid cavity or hyaloid fossa is a reminiscence of the hyaloid vasculature, the transient embryonic vascular bed which is complete at birth in mammals and regresses contemporaneously with the formation of the retinal vasculature. [DOI:10.1387/ijdb.041895ms "Saint-Geniez M, D'Amore PA, Development and pathology of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculature. International Journal of Developmental Biology (2004)"]
EMAPA:17302	hyaloid cavity	VHOG:0001477	hyaloid cavity	well established	The hyaloid cavity or hyaloid fossa is a reminiscence of the hyaloid vasculature, the transient embryonic vascular bed which is complete at birth in mammals and regresses contemporaneously with the formation of the retinal vasculature. [DOI:10.1387/ijdb.041895ms "Saint-Geniez M, D'Amore PA, Development and pathology of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculature. International Journal of Developmental Biology (2004)"]
MA:0000272	hyaloid cavity	VHOG:0001477	hyaloid cavity	well established	The hyaloid cavity or hyaloid fossa is a reminiscence of the hyaloid vasculature, the transient embryonic vascular bed which is complete at birth in mammals and regresses contemporaneously with the formation of the retinal vasculature. [DOI:10.1387/ijdb.041895ms "Saint-Geniez M, D'Amore PA, Development and pathology of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculature. International Journal of Developmental Biology (2004)"]
XAO:0003157	T cell	VHOG:0001479	T cell	well established	"The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes." [PMID:21046016 "Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010)"]
ZFA:0009046	T cell	VHOG:0001479	T cell	well established	"The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes." [PMID:21046016 "Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010)"]
XAO:0003158	B cell	VHOG:0001480	B cell	well established	"The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes." [PMID:21046016 "Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010)"]
ZFA:0009142	B cell	VHOG:0001480	B cell	well established	"The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes." [PMID:21046016 "Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010)"]
EMAPA:18427	cortex	VHOG:0001481	adrenal cortex	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
EV:0100136	adrenal cortex	VHOG:0001481	adrenal cortex	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
MA:0000118	adrenal gland cortex	VHOG:0001481	adrenal cortex	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
XAO:0000165	adrenal cortex	VHOG:0001481	adrenal cortex	well established	"All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9"]
XAO:0003017	fibroblast	VHOG:0001482	fibroblast	well established	Fibroblast is the distinctive cell of the fibrous connective tissue, the most common connective tissue in vertebrates. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.177"]
ZFA:0009026	fibroblast	VHOG:0001482	fibroblast	well established	Fibroblast is the distinctive cell of the fibrous connective tissue, the most common connective tissue in vertebrates. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.177"]
XAO:0003023	neuron	VHOG:0001483	neuron	well established	"As any textbook tells, the 'first' nerves recognizable at a cellular level are found in cnidarians. This means that nerve cells evolved in the eumetazoan ancestor." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.96"]
ZFA:0009248	neuron	VHOG:0001483	neuron	well established	"As any textbook tells, the 'first' nerves recognizable at a cellular level are found in cnidarians. This means that nerve cells evolved in the eumetazoan ancestor." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.96"]
XAO:0003022	Rohon-Beard neuron	VHOG:0001484	Rohon-Beard neuron	well established	"In vertebrates, the neural plate border region gives rise to the neural crest, cranial placodes and, in anamniotes, to Rohon-Beard sensory neurons." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2703 "Holland LZ, Chordate roots of the vertebrate nervous system: expanding the molecular toolkit. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2009)"]
ZFA:0009150	Rohon-Beard neuron	VHOG:0001484	Rohon-Beard neuron	well established	"In vertebrates, the neural plate border region gives rise to the neural crest, cranial placodes and, in anamniotes, to Rohon-Beard sensory neurons." [DOI:10.1038/nrn2703 "Holland LZ, Chordate roots of the vertebrate nervous system: expanding the molecular toolkit. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2009)"]
XAO:0003055	hematopoietic stem cell	VHOG:0001485	hematopoietic stem cell	uncertain	"There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.(...) The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney (reference 1); In all gnathostomes there appear to be two main embryonic locations derived from the early mesoderm, both intra- and extraembryonic, which contribute to primitive and definitive hematopoiesis based upon their differential expression of SCL, Gata-1, Gata-2 and myeloblastosis oncogene (c-myb) (reference 2). " [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006)", DOI:10.1111/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01264.x "Hansen JD, Zapata AG, Lymphocyte development in fish and amphibians.  Immunological Reviews (1998)"]
ZFA:0009014	hematopoietic stem cell	VHOG:0001485	hematopoietic stem cell	uncertain	"There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.(...) The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney (reference 1); In all gnathostomes there appear to be two main embryonic locations derived from the early mesoderm, both intra- and extraembryonic, which contribute to primitive and definitive hematopoiesis based upon their differential expression of SCL, Gata-1, Gata-2 and myeloblastosis oncogene (c-myb) (reference 2). " [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 "Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006)", DOI:10.1111/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01264.x "Hansen JD, Zapata AG, Lymphocyte development in fish and amphibians.  Immunological Reviews (1998)"]
EHDAA:3941	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001486	midgut loop epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17038	epithelium	VHOG:0001486	midgut loop epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:1528	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001487	foregut-midgut junction epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16564	epithelium	VHOG:0001487	foregut-midgut junction epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:8256	hyoid	VHOG:0001494	hyoid muscle	well established	"Although the zebrafish occupies a rather derived phylogenetic position within actinopterygians and even within teleosts, with respect to the mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles it seems justified to consider it an appropriate representative of these two groups. Among these muscles, the three with clear homologues in tetrapods and the further three identified in sarcopterygian fish are particularly appropriate for comparisons of results between the actinopterygian zebrafish and the sarcopterygians." [DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 "Diogo R, Hinits Y, Hughes SM, Development of mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles in the zebrafish: homologies and evolution of these muscles within bony fishes and tetrapods. BMC Developmental Biology (2008)"]
ZFA:0000521	hyoid muscle	VHOG:0001494	hyoid muscle	well established	"Although the zebrafish occupies a rather derived phylogenetic position within actinopterygians and even within teleosts, with respect to the mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles it seems justified to consider it an appropriate representative of these two groups. Among these muscles, the three with clear homologues in tetrapods and the further three identified in sarcopterygian fish are particularly appropriate for comparisons of results between the actinopterygian zebrafish and the sarcopterygians." [DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 "Diogo R, Hinits Y, Hughes SM, Development of mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles in the zebrafish: homologies and evolution of these muscles within bony fishes and tetrapods. BMC Developmental Biology (2008)"]
EHDAA:2339	parietal	VHOG:0001495	parietal pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
EMAPA:16776	parietal	VHOG:0001495	parietal pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
EMAPA:18464	parietal	VHOG:0001495	parietal pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
MA:0002488	parietal pleura	VHOG:0001495	parietal pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
EHDAA:2341	visceral	VHOG:0001496	visceral pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
EMAPA:16777	visceral	VHOG:0001496	visceral pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
EMAPA:18465	visceral	VHOG:0001496	visceral pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
MA:0002489	visceral pleura	VHOG:0001496	visceral pleura	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
EHDAA:4110	pleuropericardial canals	VHOG:0001497	pleuropericardial canal	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:17704	pleuro-pericardial canal	VHOG:0001497	pleuropericardial canal	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EHDAA:636	pericardio-peritoneal canal	VHOG:0001498	pericardio-peritoneal canal	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164 and Figure 4-32"]
EMAPA:16282	pericardio-peritoneal canal	VHOG:0001498	pericardio-peritoneal canal	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164 and Figure 4-32"]
EHDAA:4114	pleuropericardial folds	VHOG:0001499	pleuropericardial folds	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EMAPA:17706	pleuro-pericardial folds	VHOG:0001499	pleuropericardial folds	well established	"In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206"]
EHDAA:4116	pleuroperitoneal canal	VHOG:0001505	pleuroperitoneal canal	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164 and Figure 4-32"]
EMAPA:17707	pleuro-peritoneal canal	VHOG:0001505	pleuroperitoneal canal	inferred	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164 and Figure 4-32"]
EHDAA:2159	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001506	hindgut epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16567	epithelium	VHOG:0001506	hindgut epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16717	epithelium	VHOG:0001506	hindgut epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:18601	aorta	VHOG:0001523	aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EV:0100027	aorta	VHOG:0001523	aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
MA:0000062	aorta	VHOG:0001523	aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
XAO:0000349	larval aorta	VHOG:0001523	aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
XAO:0003010	aorta	VHOG:0001523	aorta	well established	"When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620"]
EHDAA:468	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001524	outflow tract endothelium	well established	"It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes." [DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 "Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001)"]
EHDAA:802	endocardial tissue	VHOG:0001524	outflow tract endothelium	well established	"It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes." [DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 "Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001)"]
EMAPA:16231	endocardial tube	VHOG:0001524	outflow tract endothelium	well established	"It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes." [DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 "Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001)"]
EMAPA:16348	endocardial tube	VHOG:0001524	outflow tract endothelium	well established	"It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes." [DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 "Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001)"]
MA:0000490	outflow tract endothelium	VHOG:0001524	outflow tract endothelium	well established	"It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes." [DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 "Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001)"]
EV:0100387	renal tubule	VHOG:0001526	metanephric tubule	well established	"The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
MA:0000377	kidney tubule	VHOG:0001526	metanephric tubule	well established	"The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543"]
EMAPA:16591	parietal	VHOG:0001527	parietal peritoneum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
ZFA:0005131	parietal peritoneum	VHOG:0001527	parietal peritoneum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
EMAPA:16592	visceral	VHOG:0001528	visceral peritoneum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
ZFA:0005132	visceral peritoneum	VHOG:0001528	visceral peritoneum	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) Development of the coelomic cavity and mesenteries, p.159-164"]
XAO:0003015	myoblast	VHOG:0001529	myoblast	well established	"It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75"]
ZFA:0009025	myoblast	VHOG:0001529	myoblast	well established	"It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75"]
EMAPA:18982	primary oocytes	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
MA:0000388	female germ cell	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0000256	oocyte	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0000263	primary oogonium	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0000268	secondary oogonium	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0003048	egg	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0001109	oocyte	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0001565	oocyte stage II	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0001566	oocyte stage III	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0001567	oocyte stage I	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0001568	oocyte stage IV	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0001569	oocyte stage V	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0001570	unfertilized egg	VHOG:0001530	female germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
MA:0002765	male germ cell	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0003018	primary spermatogonium	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0003019	spermatocyte	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0003020	secondary spermatogonium	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0003147	spermatozoon	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0003151	spermatid	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0009005	spermatocyte	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0009006	sperm	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0009007	spermatogonium	VHOG:0001531	male germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0000031	ciliated epidermal cell	VHOG:0001532	ciliated cell	well established	"Cilia establish the vertebrate left-right (LR) axis and are integral to the development and function of the kidney, liver, and brain. Left-right asymmetry is established in the ciliated ventral node cells of the mouse. The chiral structure of the cilium provides a reference asymmetry to impose handed LR asymmetric development on the bilaterally symmetric vertebrate embryo. A ciliary mechanism of LR development is evolutionarily conserved, as ciliated organs essential to LR axis formation, called LR organizers, are found in other vertebrates, including rabbit, fish, and Xenopus." [DOI:10.1016/S0070-2153(08)00806-5 "Basu B, Brueckner M, Cilia multifunctional organelles at the center of vertebrate left-right asymetry. Current topics in developmental biology (2008)"]
ZFA:0009032	ciliated cell	VHOG:0001532	ciliated cell	well established	"Cilia establish the vertebrate left-right (LR) axis and are integral to the development and function of the kidney, liver, and brain. Left-right asymmetry is established in the ciliated ventral node cells of the mouse. The chiral structure of the cilium provides a reference asymmetry to impose handed LR asymmetric development on the bilaterally symmetric vertebrate embryo. A ciliary mechanism of LR development is evolutionarily conserved, as ciliated organs essential to LR axis formation, called LR organizers, are found in other vertebrates, including rabbit, fish, and Xenopus." [DOI:10.1016/S0070-2153(08)00806-5 "Basu B, Brueckner M, Cilia multifunctional organelles at the center of vertebrate left-right asymetry. Current topics in developmental biology (2008)"]
XAO:0003012	cell	VHOG:0001533	cell	well established	"We have collected a set of 347 proteins that are found in eukaryotic cells but have no significant homology to proteins in Archaea and Bacteria. We call these proteins eukaryotic signature proteins (ESPs). The dominant hypothesis for the formation of the eukaryotic cell is that it is a fusion of an archaeon with a bacterium. If this hypothesis is accepted then the three cellular domains, Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria, would collapse into two cellular domains." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.032658599 "Hartman H, Fedorov A, The origin of the eukaryotic cell: A genomic investigation. PNAS (2002)"]
ZFA:0009000	cell	VHOG:0001533	cell	well established	"We have collected a set of 347 proteins that are found in eukaryotic cells but have no significant homology to proteins in Archaea and Bacteria. We call these proteins eukaryotic signature proteins (ESPs). The dominant hypothesis for the formation of the eukaryotic cell is that it is a fusion of an archaeon with a bacterium. If this hypothesis is accepted then the three cellular domains, Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria, would collapse into two cellular domains." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.032658599 "Hartman H, Fedorov A, The origin of the eukaryotic cell: A genomic investigation. PNAS (2002)"]
XAO:0000111	germ cell	VHOG:0001534	germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0003150	gamete	VHOG:0001534	germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
ZFA:0009156	gamete	VHOG:0001534	germ cell	well established	"The basic assumption is that primitive Metazoa already had germ cells, but no gonads to harbour them (reference 1); Gametes must have been present already in the metazoan ancestor, because they are present in every metazoan taxon (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1002/bies.950161213 "Denis H, A parallel between development and evolution: Germ cell recruitment by the gonads. BioEssays (1994)", ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.249"]
XAO:0003155	lymphocyte	VHOG:0001535	lymphocyte	well established	"A new type of circulatory cell with the potential for self-renewal and clonal expansion appeared near the beginning of vertebrate radiation in the form of the long-lived lymphocyte. (...) Exactly when during evolution the lymphocytes appeared as a specialized type of immunocompetent cells is unknown, but cells comparable to the lymphocytes in jawed vertebrates have never been characterized in invertebrates. On the other hand, increasing evidence for bona fide lymphocytes in lamprey and hagfish suggests that lymphocytes must have evolved in the common ancestor of the vertebrates." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090542 "Pancer Z, Cooper MD, The evolution of adaptive immunity. Annual Review of Immunology (2006)"]
ZFA:0009250	lymphocyte	VHOG:0001535	lymphocyte	well established	"A new type of circulatory cell with the potential for self-renewal and clonal expansion appeared near the beginning of vertebrate radiation in the form of the long-lived lymphocyte. (...) Exactly when during evolution the lymphocytes appeared as a specialized type of immunocompetent cells is unknown, but cells comparable to the lymphocytes in jawed vertebrates have never been characterized in invertebrates. On the other hand, increasing evidence for bona fide lymphocytes in lamprey and hagfish suggests that lymphocytes must have evolved in the common ancestor of the vertebrates." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090542 "Pancer Z, Cooper MD, The evolution of adaptive immunity. Annual Review of Immunology (2006)"]
MA:0001707	ovary follicle	VHOG:0001536	ovary follicle	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
ZFA:0001110	ovarian follicle	VHOG:0001536	ovary follicle	uncertain	"Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 "DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:3824	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001537	epithelium rostral part duodenum	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17181	epithelium	VHOG:0001537	epithelium rostral part duodenum	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:3931	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001539	epithelium caudal part duodenum	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17196	epithelium	VHOG:0001539	epithelium caudal part duodenum	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:10617	foramen rotundum	VHOG:0001543	foramen rotundum	well established	"It is suggested that the mammalian lamina ascendens arose from an upgrowth of the root of the quadrate ramus of the epipterygoid in cynodonts, separating foramen rotundum from foramen ovale." [PMID:1018003 "Presley R, Steel FLD, On the homology of the alisphenoid. Journal of Anatomy (1976)"]
EMAPA:18712	foramen rotundum	VHOG:0001543	foramen rotundum	well established	"It is suggested that the mammalian lamina ascendens arose from an upgrowth of the root of the quadrate ramus of the epipterygoid in cynodonts, separating foramen rotundum from foramen ovale." [PMID:1018003 "Presley R, Steel FLD, On the homology of the alisphenoid. Journal of Anatomy (1976)"]
EHDAA:4108	future crura	VHOG:0001546	diaphragm crus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
EMAPA:17703	crus	VHOG:0001546	diaphragm crus	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.193 and Figure 5.34"]
EHDAA:1971	embryonic lamina terminalis	VHOG:0001547	lamina terminalis	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2649	embryonic lamina terminalis	VHOG:0001547	lamina terminalis	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:3488	lamina terminalis	VHOG:0001547	lamina terminalis	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4486	lamina terminalis	VHOG:0001547	lamina terminalis	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16649	lamina terminalis	VHOG:0001547	lamina terminalis	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:16904	lamina terminalis	VHOG:0001547	lamina terminalis	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:2873	sulcus limitans	VHOG:0001548	spinal cord sulcus limitans	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:4635	sulcus limitans	VHOG:0001548	spinal cord sulcus limitans	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EMAPA:17584	sulcus limitans	VHOG:0001548	spinal cord sulcus limitans	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EHDAA:8145	laryngeal cartilages	VHOG:0001550	larynx cartilage	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EMAPA:17979	laryngeal cartilage	VHOG:0001550	larynx cartilage	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EMAPA:18697	laryngeal	VHOG:0001550	larynx cartilage	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
MA:0001758	larynx cartilage	VHOG:0001550	larynx cartilage	well established	" (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241"]
EHDAA:4852	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001552	pylorus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:17633	epithelium	VHOG:0001552	pylorus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:18917	epithelium	VHOG:0001552	pylorus epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EHDAA:6025	petrous part	VHOG:0001553	temporal bone petrous part	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.256-258 and Figure 7-24"]
EMAPA:17683	petrous part	VHOG:0001553	temporal bone petrous part	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.256-258 and Figure 7-24"]
MA:0001477	temporal bone petrous part	VHOG:0001553	temporal bone petrous part	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.256-258 and Figure 7-24"]
EMAPA:19160	coronary artery	VHOG:0001557	coronary artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.618-623"]
EV:0100383	coronary artery	VHOG:0001557	coronary artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.618-623"]
MA:0002453	coronary artery	VHOG:0001557	coronary artery	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.618-623"]
EMAPA:19038	anterior commissure	VHOG:0001558	anterior commissure	well established	"In all vertebrates the thin structure that connects the two halves of the telencephalon shows a ridge-like thickening at the basal side known as the anterior commissure." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20432.x]
MA:0002722	anterior commissure	VHOG:0001558	anterior commissure	well established	"In all vertebrates the thin structure that connects the two halves of the telencephalon shows a ridge-like thickening at the basal side known as the anterior commissure." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20432.x]
ZFA:0001108	anterior commissure	VHOG:0001558	anterior commissure	well established	"In all vertebrates the thin structure that connects the two halves of the telencephalon shows a ridge-like thickening at the basal side known as the anterior commissure." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20432.x]
EHDAA:3901	caecum	VHOG:0001559	caecum	well established	Cecum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.562-567 and Figure 17-4"]
EV:0100397	cecum	VHOG:0001559	caecum	well established	Cecum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.562-567 and Figure 17-4"]
MA:0000334	cecum	VHOG:0001559	caecum	well established	Cecum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria. [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.562-567 and Figure 17-4"]
EHDAA:9536	squamous part primordium	VHOG:0001561	temporal bone squamous part	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.246 and Figure 7-12"]
EMAPA:18021	squamous part	VHOG:0001561	temporal bone squamous part	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.246 and Figure 7-12"]
MA:0002543	enamel	VHOG:0001565	enameloid	well established	Origin of enamel predates the evolution of gnathostomes. [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21090 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Downs JP, Early evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues and cellular interactions, and the canalization of skeletal development. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol) (2006)"]
ZFA:0005142	enameloid	VHOG:0001565	enameloid	well established	Origin of enamel predates the evolution of gnathostomes. [DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21090 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Downs JP, Early evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues and cellular interactions, and the canalization of skeletal development. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Mol Dev Evol) (2006)"]
EMAPA:17961	mesovarium	VHOG:0001566	mesovarium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 6, Integument, p.560 and Figure 14.23 p.561"]
ZFA:0000333	mesovarium	VHOG:0001566	mesovarium	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 6, Integument, p.560 and Figure 14.23 p.561"]
EMAPA:19061	organ of Corti	VHOG:0001567	spiral organ of Corti	well established	"The auditory hair cells in tetrapods are located in the inner ear in a structure known as the basilar papilla. In mammals this structure (along with some related structure) is called the organ of Corti." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.33"]
EMAPA:19151	spiral organ of Corti	VHOG:0001567	spiral organ of Corti	well established	"The auditory hair cells in tetrapods are located in the inner ear in a structure known as the basilar papilla. In mammals this structure (along with some related structure) is called the organ of Corti." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.33"]
EV:0100364	spiral organ of Corti	VHOG:0001567	spiral organ of Corti	well established	"The auditory hair cells in tetrapods are located in the inner ear in a structure known as the basilar papilla. In mammals this structure (along with some related structure) is called the organ of Corti." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.33"]
MA:0001193	spiral organ	VHOG:0001567	spiral organ of Corti	well established	"The auditory hair cells in tetrapods are located in the inner ear in a structure known as the basilar papilla. In mammals this structure (along with some related structure) is called the organ of Corti." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.33"]
XAO:0003145	basilar papilla	VHOG:0001567	spiral organ of Corti	well established	"The auditory hair cells in tetrapods are located in the inner ear in a structure known as the basilar papilla. In mammals this structure (along with some related structure) is called the organ of Corti." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.33"]
EMAPA:19077	choroid	VHOG:0001568	eye choroid	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EV:0100347	choroid	VHOG:0001568	eye choroid	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
MA:0000263	choroid	VHOG:0001568	eye choroid	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EV:0100389	renal distal convoluted tubule	VHOG:0001569	metanephric distal convoluted tubule	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 14, The urogenital system, p.538-540 and Figure 14.1(a)"]
MA:0001666	distal convoluted tubule	VHOG:0001569	metanephric distal convoluted tubule	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 14, The urogenital system, p.538-540 and Figure 14.1(a)"]
EV:0100388	renal proximal convoluted tubule	VHOG:0001570	metanephric proximal convoluted tubule	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 14, The urogenital system, p.538-540 and Figure 14.1(a)"]
MA:0001669	proximal convoluted tubule	VHOG:0001570	metanephric proximal convoluted tubule	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 14, The urogenital system, p.538-540 and Figure 14.1(a)"]
EHDAA:9027	lateral canthus	VHOG:0001571	outer canthus	inferred	[PMID:8270467 "Findlater GS, McDougall RD, Kaufman MH, Eyelid development, fusion and subsequent reopening in the mouse. J Anat (1993)"]
MA:0001264	outer canthus	VHOG:0001571	outer canthus	inferred	[PMID:8270467 "Findlater GS, McDougall RD, Kaufman MH, Eyelid development, fusion and subsequent reopening in the mouse. J Anat (1993)"]
EV:0100350	fovea centralis	VHOG:0001572	fovea	uncertain	Definition of fovea centralis should be considered here as 'an area centralis at the visual axis' (reference 1). There is an uncertaincy of the relation, because: 1.-"The fovea first appeared in evolution in the temporal retina of fishes. Then, in birds, the nasal fovea and bifoveal system with nasal and temporal foveas developed. The fovea disappeared in primitive mammals, and reappeared in primates. A residue of the fovea is conserved in the visual streak, and the disappearance and reappearance of the fovea, in primitive mammals and primates respectively, correlates with degeneration and restoration of cone pigment genes in photoreceptors (reference 2)." 2.-"Many retinal features (foveas, trichromacy, midget pathways and associated cell types) appear specific to primates. This has led to investigations in parallel with other mammalian models such as cat or rabbit. Correlation of the results often proves to be difficult, since an evolutionary scenario with transitions between the mammalian models is largely lacking (reference 3)." [DOI:10.1017/S095252380623342X "Ahnelt PK, Schubert C, Kübber-Heiss A, Schiviz A, Anger E, Independent variation of retinal S and M cone photoreceptor topographies: A survey of four families of mammals. Visual neuroscience (2006)", PMID:11193946 "Azuma N, Molecular cell biology on morphogenesis of the fovea and evolution of the central vision. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (2000)", DOI:10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00012-4 "Ahnelt PK, Kolb H, The mammalian photoreceptor mosaic-adaptive design. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2000)"]
MA:0001307	fovea	VHOG:0001572	fovea	uncertain	Definition of fovea centralis should be considered here as 'an area centralis at the visual axis' (reference 1). There is an uncertaincy of the relation, because: 1.-"The fovea first appeared in evolution in the temporal retina of fishes. Then, in birds, the nasal fovea and bifoveal system with nasal and temporal foveas developed. The fovea disappeared in primitive mammals, and reappeared in primates. A residue of the fovea is conserved in the visual streak, and the disappearance and reappearance of the fovea, in primitive mammals and primates respectively, correlates with degeneration and restoration of cone pigment genes in photoreceptors (reference 2)." 2.-"Many retinal features (foveas, trichromacy, midget pathways and associated cell types) appear specific to primates. This has led to investigations in parallel with other mammalian models such as cat or rabbit. Correlation of the results often proves to be difficult, since an evolutionary scenario with transitions between the mammalian models is largely lacking (reference 3)." [DOI:10.1017/S095252380623342X "Ahnelt PK, Schubert C, Kübber-Heiss A, Schiviz A, Anger E, Independent variation of retinal S and M cone photoreceptor topographies: A survey of four families of mammals. Visual neuroscience (2006)", PMID:11193946 "Azuma N, Molecular cell biology on morphogenesis of the fovea and evolution of the central vision. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (2000)", DOI:10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00012-4 "Ahnelt PK, Kolb H, The mammalian photoreceptor mosaic-adaptive design. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2000)"]
EV:0100247	substantia nigra	VHOG:0001573	substantia nigra	well established	" (...) the substantia nigra first appears in reptiles and is best developed in primates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.336"]
MA:0000210	substantia nigra	VHOG:0001573	substantia nigra	well established	" (...) the substantia nigra first appears in reptiles and is best developed in primates." [ISBN:978-0471090588 "Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.336"]
EV:0100239	lateral mamillary nucleus	VHOG:0001585	lateral mamillary nucleus	well established	"Anatomists divide the mammalian mammillary bodies into two groups of nuclei - medial and lateral nuclei (...) The volume of the lateral mammillary nucleus relative to the entire mammillary bodies remains relatively constant across many mammalian species." [DOI:10.1038/nrn1299 "Vann SD, Aggleton JP, The mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one? Nature reviews, Neuroscience (2004)"]
MA:0000850	lateral mammillary nucleus	VHOG:0001585	lateral mamillary nucleus	well established	"Anatomists divide the mammalian mammillary bodies into two groups of nuclei - medial and lateral nuclei (...) The volume of the lateral mammillary nucleus relative to the entire mammillary bodies remains relatively constant across many mammalian species." [DOI:10.1038/nrn1299 "Vann SD, Aggleton JP, The mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one? Nature reviews, Neuroscience (2004)"]
EV:0100237	tuberomamillary nucleus	VHOG:0001586	tuberomamillary nucleus	inferred	"Both lateral and medial mammillary bodies are also innervated by the supramammillary nuclei, the tuberomammillary nucleus and the septal region. As far as can be determined, this overall pattern of connections, which has been most studied in the rat brain, is also found in the primate brain." [DOI:10.1038/nrn1299 "Vann SD, Aggleton JP, The mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one? Nature reviews, Neuroscience (2004)"]
MA:0000853	tuberomammillary nucleus	VHOG:0001586	tuberomamillary nucleus	inferred	"Both lateral and medial mammillary bodies are also innervated by the supramammillary nuclei, the tuberomammillary nucleus and the septal region. As far as can be determined, this overall pattern of connections, which has been most studied in the rat brain, is also found in the primate brain." [DOI:10.1038/nrn1299 "Vann SD, Aggleton JP, The mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one? Nature reviews, Neuroscience (2004)"]
EV:0100238	medial mamillary nucleus	VHOG:0001587	medial mamillary nucleus	well established	"Anatomists divide the mammalian mammillary bodies into two groups of nuclei - medial and lateral nuclei (...) The volume of the lateral mammillary nucleus relative to the entire mammillary bodies remains relatively constant across many mammalian species." [DOI:10.1038/nrn1299 "Vann SD, Aggleton JP, The mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one? Nature reviews, Neuroscience (2004)"]
MA:0000851	medial mammillary nucleus	VHOG:0001587	medial mamillary nucleus	well established	"Anatomists divide the mammalian mammillary bodies into two groups of nuclei - medial and lateral nuclei (...) The volume of the lateral mammillary nucleus relative to the entire mammillary bodies remains relatively constant across many mammalian species." [DOI:10.1038/nrn1299 "Vann SD, Aggleton JP, The mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one? Nature reviews, Neuroscience (2004)"]
EV:0100280	nucleus gracilis	VHOG:0001588	nucleus gracilis	well established	"In mammals the dorsal column is divided into two segments: a medial segment (fasciculus gracilis), which is present throughout the cord, and a lateral segment (fasciculus cuneatus), which is present only at the thoracic and cervical regions. The dorsal column nuclei are therefore also known as the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.150"]
MA:0001038	gracile nucleus	VHOG:0001588	nucleus gracilis	well established	"In mammals the dorsal column is divided into two segments: a medial segment (fasciculus gracilis), which is present throughout the cord, and a lateral segment (fasciculus cuneatus), which is present only at the thoracic and cervical regions. The dorsal column nuclei are therefore also known as the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.150"]
MA:0002542	dentin	VHOG:0001589	dentine	well established	"Dentine is a bona fide vertebrate novelty, and dentine-secreting odontoblasts represent a cell type that is exclusively derived from the neural crest." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x "Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012)"]
ZFA:0005143	dentine	VHOG:0001589	dentine	well established	"Dentine is a bona fide vertebrate novelty, and dentine-secreting odontoblasts represent a cell type that is exclusively derived from the neural crest." [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x "Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012)"]
EV:0100049	lymph	VHOG:0001590	lymph	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627-628 and Figure 19-20"]
MA:0002520	lymph	VHOG:0001590	lymph	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627-628 and Figure 19-20"]
EV:0100248	red nucleus	VHOG:0001591	red nucleus	well established	"A red nucleus is present in cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, lungfishes, amphibians, and amniotes and is thus plesiomorphic for jawed vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.292"]
MA:0001063	red nucleus	VHOG:0001591	red nucleus	well established	"A red nucleus is present in cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, lungfishes, amphibians, and amniotes and is thus plesiomorphic for jawed vertebrates." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.292"]
XAO:0003163	basal lamina	VHOG:0001592	basal lamina	well established	"A basal lamina is certainly present in Bilateria and was evaluated as an autapomorphy of this taxon." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.57"]
ZFA:0001485	basal lamina	VHOG:0001592	basal lamina	well established	"A basal lamina is certainly present in Bilateria and was evaluated as an autapomorphy of this taxon." [ISBN:978-0198566694 "Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.57"]
EV:0100285	accessory cuneate nucleus	VHOG:0001593	cuneate nucleus	well established	"In mammals the dorsal column is divided into two segments: a medial segment (fasciculus gracilis), which is present throughout the cord, and a lateral segment (fasciculus cuneatus), which is present only at the thoracic and cervical regions. The dorsal column nuclei are therefore also known as the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.150"]
MA:0001035	cuneate nucleus	VHOG:0001593	cuneate nucleus	well established	"In mammals the dorsal column is divided into two segments: a medial segment (fasciculus gracilis), which is present throughout the cord, and a lateral segment (fasciculus cuneatus), which is present only at the thoracic and cervical regions. The dorsal column nuclei are therefore also known as the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.150"]
EV:0100292	nucleus ambiguus	VHOG:0001594	nucleus ambiguus	well established	"Nucleus ambiguous in mammals controls muscles of the vocal organ (the larynx)." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1298.038 "Jarvis ED, Learned birdsong and the neurobiology of human language. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2004)"]
MA:0001050	nucleus ambiguus	VHOG:0001594	nucleus ambiguus	well established	"Nucleus ambiguous in mammals controls muscles of the vocal organ (the larynx)." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1298.038 "Jarvis ED, Learned birdsong and the neurobiology of human language. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2004)"]
EV:0100294	cerebellar cortex	VHOG:0001597	cerebellar cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0000199	cerebellar cortex	VHOG:0001597	cerebellar cortex	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EV:0100295	anterior lobe of the cerebellum	VHOG:0001598	cerebellum anterior lobe	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0000991	cerebellum anterior lobe	VHOG:0001598	cerebellum anterior lobe	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EV:0100183	claustrum	VHOG:0001605	claustrum	well established	"A claustrum might have been present in ancestral mammals and lost in the monotreme clade, or it might have been gained at the origin of therian mammals." [DOI:10.1159/000066698 "Butler AB, Molnár Z, Manger PR, Apparent absence of claustrum in monotremes: implications for forebrain evolution in amniotes. Brain, Behavior and Evolution (2002)"]
MA:0000888	claustrum	VHOG:0001605	claustrum	well established	"A claustrum might have been present in ancestral mammals and lost in the monotreme clade, or it might have been gained at the origin of therian mammals." [DOI:10.1159/000066698 "Butler AB, Molnár Z, Manger PR, Apparent absence of claustrum in monotremes: implications for forebrain evolution in amniotes. Brain, Behavior and Evolution (2002)"]
EV:0100305	corpus callosum	VHOG:0001608	corpus callosum	well established	"In addition to the anterior commissure, placental mammals have a phylogenetically new forebrain commissure, the corpus callosum, which primarily interconnects the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20447.x "Ebner FF, A comparison of primitive forebrain organization in metatherian and eutherian mammals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969)"]
MA:0000188	corpus callosum	VHOG:0001608	corpus callosum	well established	"In addition to the anterior commissure, placental mammals have a phylogenetically new forebrain commissure, the corpus callosum, which primarily interconnects the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres." [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20447.x "Ebner FF, A comparison of primitive forebrain organization in metatherian and eutherian mammals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969)"]
EV:0100337	globe	VHOG:0001616	eye globe	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
XAO:0000181	globe	VHOG:0001616	eye globe	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.426-427 and Figure 12-28"]
EV:0100322	lateral column	VHOG:0001621	spinal cord lateral column	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0002750	spinal cord lateral column	VHOG:0001621	spinal cord lateral column	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EV:0100326	ventral column	VHOG:0001622	spinal cord ventral column	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0002751	spinal cord ventral column	VHOG:0001622	spinal cord ventral column	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EV:0100317	dorsal column	VHOG:0001623	spinal cord dorsal column	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0002749	spinal cord dorsal column	VHOG:0001623	spinal cord dorsal column	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
EV:0100045	hematological system	VHOG:0001624	hematopoietic system	well established	"Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways." [DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2010.05.004 "Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Zebrafish as a model for vertebrate hematopoiesis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2010)"]
MA:0002434	hematopoietic system	VHOG:0001624	hematopoietic system	well established	"Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways." [DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2010.05.004 "Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Zebrafish as a model for vertebrate hematopoiesis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2010)"]
XAO:0000122	hematological system	VHOG:0001624	hematopoietic system	well established	"Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways." [DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2010.05.004 "Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Zebrafish as a model for vertebrate hematopoiesis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2010)"]
ZFA:0005023	hematopoietic system	VHOG:0001624	hematopoietic system	well established	"Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways." [DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2010.05.004 "Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Zebrafish as a model for vertebrate hematopoiesis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2010)"]
EV:0100177	olfactory tubercle	VHOG:0001625	olfactory tubercle	well established	An olfactory tubercle was already present in the ancestor of mammals. [DOI:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93932-N "Northcutt RG, Kaas JH, The emergence and evolution of mammalian neocortex. Trends in Neurosciences (1995) Figure 3"]
MA:0000976	olfactory tubercle	VHOG:0001625	olfactory tubercle	well established	An olfactory tubercle was already present in the ancestor of mammals. [DOI:10.1016/0166-2236(95)93932-N "Northcutt RG, Kaas JH, The emergence and evolution of mammalian neocortex. Trends in Neurosciences (1995) Figure 3"]
MA:0001040	inferior olive	VHOG:0001627	inferior olive	well established	"The inferior olive appears to be present in all vertebrate classes and is particularly well developed in species with a well-developed cerebellum." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.256"]
ZFA:0000215	inferior olive	VHOG:0001627	inferior olive	well established	"The inferior olive appears to be present in all vertebrate classes and is particularly well developed in species with a well-developed cerebellum." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.256"]
EHDAA:2164	endodermal epithelium	VHOG:0001634	midgut epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
EMAPA:16569	epithelium	VHOG:0001634	midgut epithelium	inferred	[PMID:21669855 "Leys SP, Nichols SA, Adams EDM, Epithelia and integration in sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009)"]
MA:0001497	zygomatic bone	VHOG:0001638	zygomatic bone - infraorbital 3	well established	" (...) and the infraorbital bone 3 of advanced actinopterygians (is homologous) with the jugal bone of sarcopterygians." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
ZFA:0001408	infraorbital 3	VHOG:0001638	zygomatic bone - infraorbital 3	well established	" (...) and the infraorbital bone 3 of advanced actinopterygians (is homologous) with the jugal bone of sarcopterygians." [ISBN:978-3899370805 "Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48"]
EV:0100165	cerebrum	VHOG:0001639	cerebral hemisphere	well established	"The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505 "Northcutt RG, Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1981)"]
MA:0000133	cerebral hemisphere	VHOG:0001639	cerebral hemisphere	well established	"The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505 "Northcutt RG, Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1981)"]
XAO:0003206	podocyte	VHOG:0001640	podocyte - nephrocyte	well established	"Here we show that the insect nephrocyte has remarkable anatomical, molecular and functional similarity to the glomerular podocyte, a cell in the vertebrate kidney that forms the main size-selective barrier as blood is ultrafiltered to make urine. In particular, both cell types possess a specialized filtration diaphragm, known as the slit diaphragm in podocytes or the nephrocyte diaphragm in nephrocytes. We find that fly (Drosophila melanogaster) orthologues of the major constituents of the slit diaphragm, including nephrin, NEPH1 (also known as KIRREL), CD2AP, ZO-1 (TJP1) and podocin, are expressed in the nephrocyte and form a complex of interacting proteins that closely mirrors the vertebrate slit diaphragm complex. Furthermore, we find that the nephrocyte diaphragm is completely lost in flies lacking the orthologues of nephrin or NEPH1 - a phenotype resembling loss of the slit diaphragm in the absence of either nephrin (as in human congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type, NPHS1) or NEPH1. These changes markedly impair filtration function in the nephrocyte. The similarities we describe between invertebrate nephrocytes and vertebrate podocytes provide evidence suggesting that the two cell types are evolutionarily related, and establish the nephrocyte as a simple model in which to study podocyte biology and podocyte-associated diseases." [DOI:10.1038/nature07526 "Weavers H, Prieto-Sanchez S, Grawe F, Garcia-Lopez A, Artero R, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Ruiz-Gomez M, Skaer H, Denholm B, The insect nephrocyte is a podocyte-like cell with filtration slit diaphragm. Nature (2009)"]
ZFA:0009285	podocyte	VHOG:0001640	podocyte - nephrocyte	well established	"Here we show that the insect nephrocyte has remarkable anatomical, molecular and functional similarity to the glomerular podocyte, a cell in the vertebrate kidney that forms the main size-selective barrier as blood is ultrafiltered to make urine. In particular, both cell types possess a specialized filtration diaphragm, known as the slit diaphragm in podocytes or the nephrocyte diaphragm in nephrocytes. We find that fly (Drosophila melanogaster) orthologues of the major constituents of the slit diaphragm, including nephrin, NEPH1 (also known as KIRREL), CD2AP, ZO-1 (TJP1) and podocin, are expressed in the nephrocyte and form a complex of interacting proteins that closely mirrors the vertebrate slit diaphragm complex. Furthermore, we find that the nephrocyte diaphragm is completely lost in flies lacking the orthologues of nephrin or NEPH1 - a phenotype resembling loss of the slit diaphragm in the absence of either nephrin (as in human congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type, NPHS1) or NEPH1. These changes markedly impair filtration function in the nephrocyte. The similarities we describe between invertebrate nephrocytes and vertebrate podocytes provide evidence suggesting that the two cell types are evolutionarily related, and establish the nephrocyte as a simple model in which to study podocyte biology and podocyte-associated diseases." [DOI:10.1038/nature07526 "Weavers H, Prieto-Sanchez S, Grawe F, Garcia-Lopez A, Artero R, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Ruiz-Gomez M, Skaer H, Denholm B, The insect nephrocyte is a podocyte-like cell with filtration slit diaphragm. Nature (2009)"]
EHDAA:385	cardiogenic	VHOG:0001641	cardiac mesoderm	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
XAO:0000235	cardiac mesoderm	VHOG:0001641	cardiac mesoderm	uncertain	Although bird and mammal hearts arose independently from different groups of reptilian ancestor, vertebrate heart is commonly considered arising from fishes and then defined as an historical homology relationship. However uncertainty remains on the origin of the heart substructures and tissues. [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481"]
EV:0100475	head	VHOG:0001644	head	well established	"Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.82"]
MA:0000023	head	VHOG:0001644	head	well established	"Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.82"]
XAO:0003024	head	VHOG:0001644	head	well established	"Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.82"]
ZFA:0001114	head	VHOG:0001644	head	well established	"Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head." [ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.82"]
XAO:0003169	dermatocranium	VHOG:0001665	dermatocranium	well established	Origin of a dermal skeleton predates the evolution of gnathostomes. [DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
ZFA:0000863	dermatocranium	VHOG:0001665	dermatocranium	well established	Origin of a dermal skeleton predates the evolution of gnathostomes. [DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
MA:0000290	appendicular skeleton	VHOG:0001666	appendicular skeleton	well established	Origin of an appendicular skeleton predates the evolution of gnathostomes. [DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
XAO:0003166	appendicular skeleton	VHOG:0001666	appendicular skeleton	well established	Origin of an appendicular skeleton predates the evolution of gnathostomes. [DOI:10.1002/jemt.10217 "Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy reasearch and technique (2002)"]
MA:0001453	vertebra arch	VHOG:0001670	vertebra neural arch	well established	" (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.270"]
ZFA:0001066	neural arch	VHOG:0001670	vertebra neural arch	well established	" (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.270"]
EHDAA:146	chorionic cavity	VHOG:0001671	exocoelomic cavity	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144-146 and Figure 4-18"]
EMAPA:16081	exocoelomic cavity	VHOG:0001671	exocoelomic cavity	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144-146 and Figure 4-18"]
MA:0002442	sensory organ system	VHOG:0001674	sensory system	well established	"An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
XAO:0003194	sensory system	VHOG:0001674	sensory system	well established	"An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
ZFA:0000282	sensory system	VHOG:0001674	sensory system	well established	"An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages." [DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 "Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000)"]
MA:0002841	otolith organ	VHOG:0001676	otolith organ	well established	"In fishes, as in other vertebrates, the vestibular end-organs are divided into a gravity receptor system, with three subdivisions and an angular acceleration receptor system. The gravity receptor system on each side consists of utricular, saccular, and lagenar maculae, each covered by an otolith (reference 1); (...)considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals (reference 2)." [PMID:11581521 "Moorman SJ, Development of sensory systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ILAR Journal (2001)", DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 "Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000)"]
ZFA:0000559	otolith organ	VHOG:0001676	otolith organ	well established	"In fishes, as in other vertebrates, the vestibular end-organs are divided into a gravity receptor system, with three subdivisions and an angular acceleration receptor system. The gravity receptor system on each side consists of utricular, saccular, and lagenar maculae, each covered by an otolith (reference 1); (...)considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals (reference 2)." [PMID:11581521 "Moorman SJ, Development of sensory systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ILAR Journal (2001)", DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 "Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000)"]
XAO:0000462	dorsal lateral line	VHOG:0001677	dorsal lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
ZFA:0005112	dorsal lateral line	VHOG:0001677	dorsal lateral line	well established	"The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195"]
XAO:0003014	pigment cell	VHOG:0001678	pigment cell	well established	"The skin of all vertebrates, except albinos, contains pigments of various types within cells collectively known as chromatophores. Chromatophores are of neural crest origin. They lie in the upper part of the dermis in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, but they penetrate or are located in the epidermis in birds and mammals. When the pigment is a dark melanin, the cells are called melanophores." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.210"]
ZFA:0009090	pigment cell	VHOG:0001678	pigment cell	well established	"The skin of all vertebrates, except albinos, contains pigments of various types within cells collectively known as chromatophores. Chromatophores are of neural crest origin. They lie in the upper part of the dermis in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, but they penetrate or are located in the epidermis in birds and mammals. When the pigment is a dark melanin, the cells are called melanophores." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.210"]
ZFA:0009170	pigment cell (sensu Vertebrata)	VHOG:0001678	pigment cell	well established	"The skin of all vertebrates, except albinos, contains pigments of various types within cells collectively known as chromatophores. Chromatophores are of neural crest origin. They lie in the upper part of the dermis in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, but they penetrate or are located in the epidermis in birds and mammals. When the pigment is a dark melanin, the cells are called melanophores." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.210"]
XAO:0001014	melanophore	VHOG:0001679	melanophore	well established	"The skin of all vertebrates, except albinos, contains pigments of various types within cells collectively known as chromatophores. Chromatophores are of neural crest origin. They lie in the upper part of the dermis in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, but they penetrate or are located in the epidermis in birds and mammals. When the pigment is a dark melanin, the cells are called melanophores." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.210"]
ZFA:0009091	melanocyte	VHOG:0001679	melanophore	well established	"The skin of all vertebrates, except albinos, contains pigments of various types within cells collectively known as chromatophores. Chromatophores are of neural crest origin. They lie in the upper part of the dermis in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, but they penetrate or are located in the epidermis in birds and mammals. When the pigment is a dark melanin, the cells are called melanophores." [ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.210"]
EHDAA:6526	periderm	VHOG:0001680	periderm	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 6, Integument, p.209 and Figure 6-1"]
XAO:0000029	epidermis outer layer	VHOG:0001680	periderm	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 6, Integument, p.209 and Figure 6-1"]
ZFA:0001185	periderm	VHOG:0001680	periderm	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Chapter 6, Integument, p.209 and Figure 6-1"]
EV:0100182	basal nuclei	VHOG:0001696	basal ganglia	well established	"All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 "Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011)"]
MA:0000184	basal ganglia	VHOG:0001696	basal ganglia	well established	"All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates." [DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 "Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011)"]
XAO:0003156	natural killer cell	VHOG:0001697	natural killer cell	well established	"A new type of circulatory cell with the potential for self-renewal and clonal expansion appeared near the beginning of vertebrate radiation in the form of the long-lived lymphocyte. (...) Exactly when during evolution the lymphocytes appeared as a specialized type of immunocompetent cells is unknown, but cells comparable to the lymphocytes in jawed vertebrates have never been characterized in invertebrates. On the other hand, increasing evidence for bona fide lymphocytes in lamprey and hagfish suggests that lymphocytes must have evolved in the common ancestor of the vertebrates." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090542 "Pancer Z, Cooper MD, The evolution of adaptive immunity. Annual Review of Immunology (2006)"]
ZFA:0009278	natural killer cell	VHOG:0001697	natural killer cell	well established	"A new type of circulatory cell with the potential for self-renewal and clonal expansion appeared near the beginning of vertebrate radiation in the form of the long-lived lymphocyte. (...) Exactly when during evolution the lymphocytes appeared as a specialized type of immunocompetent cells is unknown, but cells comparable to the lymphocytes in jawed vertebrates have never been characterized in invertebrates. On the other hand, increasing evidence for bona fide lymphocytes in lamprey and hagfish suggests that lymphocytes must have evolved in the common ancestor of the vertebrates." [DOI:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090542 "Pancer Z, Cooper MD, The evolution of adaptive immunity. Annual Review of Immunology (2006)"]
EV:0100303	nucleus fastigii	VHOG:0001699	fastigial nucleus	well established	"One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.260-261"]
MA:0001009	medial cerebellar nucleus	VHOG:0001699	fastigial nucleus	well established	"One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.260-261"]
EV:0100300	dentate nucleus	VHOG:0001700	dentate nucleus	well established	"One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.260-261"]
MA:0001008	lateral cerebellar nucleus	VHOG:0001700	dentate nucleus	well established	"One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.260-261"]
MA:0001074	parabigeminal nucleus	VHOG:0001701	nucleus isthmi	well established	"Nucleus isthmi is present in the isthmus in most vertebrates. It is called the parabigeminal nucleus in mammals (reference 1); In sum, our results show that the origin of neurons of some tegmental hindbrain nuclei, namely, nucleus isthmi/superior reticular nucleus and secondary gustatory/viscerosensory nucleus is in the URL (upper rhombic lip), and that the temporal order of cell types produced by the URL and their developmental program are conserved among vertebrate species (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.272", DOI:10.1002/cne.22364 "Volkmann K, Chen YY, Harris MP, Wullimann MF, Köster RW, The zebrafish cerebellar upper rhombic lip generates tegmental hindbrain nuclei by long-distance migration in an evolutionary conserved manner. The Journal of Comparative Neurology (2010)"]
ZFA:0000398	nucleus isthmi	VHOG:0001701	nucleus isthmi	well established	"Nucleus isthmi is present in the isthmus in most vertebrates. It is called the parabigeminal nucleus in mammals (reference 1); In sum, our results show that the origin of neurons of some tegmental hindbrain nuclei, namely, nucleus isthmi/superior reticular nucleus and secondary gustatory/viscerosensory nucleus is in the URL (upper rhombic lip), and that the temporal order of cell types produced by the URL and their developmental program are conserved among vertebrate species (reference 2)." [ISBN:978-0471210054 "Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.272", DOI:10.1002/cne.22364 "Volkmann K, Chen YY, Harris MP, Wullimann MF, Köster RW, The zebrafish cerebellar upper rhombic lip generates tegmental hindbrain nuclei by long-distance migration in an evolutionary conserved manner. The Journal of Comparative Neurology (2010)"]
EHDAA:7997	tooth	VHOG:0001733	tooth	well established	"The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes." [PMID:19266065 "Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL, A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009)"]
EHDAA:8033	tooth	VHOG:0001733	tooth	well established	"The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes." [PMID:19266065 "Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL, A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009)"]
EMAPA:17917	tooth	VHOG:0001733	tooth	well established	"The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes." [PMID:19266065 "Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL, A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009)"]
EMAPA:17938	tooth	VHOG:0001733	tooth	well established	"The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes." [PMID:19266065 "Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL, A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009)"]
EV:0100063	tooth	VHOG:0001733	tooth	well established	"The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes." [PMID:19266065 "Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL, A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009)"]
MA:0000348	tooth	VHOG:0001733	tooth	well established	"The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes." [PMID:19266065 "Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL, A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009)"]
XAO:0000281	vegetal yolk mass	VHOG:0001742	yolk	well established	"The majority of animals develop from a spherical egg with a single axis, the animal-vegetal (an-veg) axis. The animal half of the egg usually contains the nucleus of the oocyte, while the vegetal half of the egg is the preferred site for the storage of yolk. Eggs with an-veg polarity are considered ancestral for the vertebrates. Frogs, for example, have eggs with vegetally concentrated yolk and the nucleus located in the animal cytoplasm." [DOI:10.1016/S0925-4773(98)00226-3 "Arendt D, Nubler-Jung K, Rearranging gastrulation in the name of yolk: evolution of gastrulation in yolk-rich amniote eggs. Mechanism of Development (1999)"]
ZFA:0000084	yolk	VHOG:0001742	yolk	well established	"The majority of animals develop from a spherical egg with a single axis, the animal-vegetal (an-veg) axis. The animal half of the egg usually contains the nucleus of the oocyte, while the vegetal half of the egg is the preferred site for the storage of yolk. Eggs with an-veg polarity are considered ancestral for the vertebrates (reference 1); In zebrafish (Danio rerio), meroblastic cleavages generate an embryo in which blastomeres cover the animal pole of a large yolk cell (reference 2)." [DOI:10.1016/S0925-4773(98)00226-3 "Arendt D, Nubler-Jung K, Rearranging gastrulation in the name of yolk: evolution of gastrulation in yolk-rich amniote eggs. Mechanism of Development (1999)", PMID:7956824 "Solnica-Krezel L, Driever W, Microtubule arrays of the zebrafish yolk cell: organization and function during epiboly. Development (1994)"]
EV:0100031	vein	VHOG:0001743	vein	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
MA:0000067	vein	VHOG:0001743	vein	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
XAO:0000115	vein	VHOG:0001743	vein	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
ZFA:0000082	vein	VHOG:0001743	vein	well established	"The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system." [DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 "Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006)"]
MA:0000919	upper lip	VHOG:0001750	upper lip	well established	In the Jon Mallatt's reconstructed model, the upper lips were well developed in the jawless common ancestor of all living vertebrates. [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
ZFA:0005226	upper lip	VHOG:0001750	upper lip	well established	In the Jon Mallatt's reconstructed model, the upper lips were well developed in the jawless common ancestor of all living vertebrates. [DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x "Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996)", ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503"]
EHDAA:5824	rectum	VHOG:0001751	rectum	uncertain	Rectum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria (reference 1). However the rectal diverticulum in Xenopus is a cloacal outgrowth that extand anteriorly and meet with the nephric duct (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS,Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.57"]
EMAPA:17896	rectum	VHOG:0001751	rectum	uncertain	Rectum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria (reference 1). However the rectal diverticulum in Xenopus is a cloacal outgrowth that extand anteriorly and meet with the nephric duct (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS,Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.57"]
EMAPA:18925	rectum	VHOG:0001751	rectum	uncertain	Rectum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria (reference 1). However the rectal diverticulum in Xenopus is a cloacal outgrowth that extand anteriorly and meet with the nephric duct (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS,Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.57"]
EV:0100081	rectum	VHOG:0001751	rectum	uncertain	Rectum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria (reference 1). However the rectal diverticulum in Xenopus is a cloacal outgrowth that extand anteriorly and meet with the nephric duct (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS,Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.57"]
MA:0000336	rectum	VHOG:0001751	rectum	uncertain	Rectum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria (reference 1). However the rectal diverticulum in Xenopus is a cloacal outgrowth that extand anteriorly and meet with the nephric duct (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS,Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.57"]
XAO:0000238	rectum	VHOG:0001751	rectum	uncertain	Rectum is cited as a common feature to Bilateria (reference 1). However the rectal diverticulum in Xenopus is a cloacal outgrowth that extand anteriorly and meet with the nephric duct (reference 2). [ISBN:978-0030259821 "Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.205", ISBN:978-0127224411 "Vize PD, Woolf AS,Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.57"]
EHDAA:6196	upper limb	VHOG:0001753	forelimb - pectoral fin	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
EMAPA:17412	forelimb	VHOG:0001753	forelimb - pectoral fin	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
EV:0100014	upper limb	VHOG:0001753	forelimb - pectoral fin	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
MA:0000025	forelimb	VHOG:0001753	forelimb - pectoral fin	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
XAO:0003030	forelimb	VHOG:0001753	forelimb - pectoral fin	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
ZFA:0001161	pectoral fin	VHOG:0001753	forelimb - pectoral fin	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
EHDAA:1699	upper limb bud	VHOG:0001754	forelimb - pectoral fin bud	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
EMAPA:16406	forelimb bud	VHOG:0001754	forelimb - pectoral fin bud	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
XAO:0003065	forelimb bud	VHOG:0001754	forelimb - pectoral fin bud	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
ZFA:0000141	pectoral fin bud	VHOG:0001754	forelimb - pectoral fin bud	uncertain	"While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes." [DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 "Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004)"]
EMAPA:17768	choroid fissure	VHOG:0001756	ventricular system choroid fissure	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
ZFA:0001075	choroidal fissure	VHOG:0001756	ventricular system choroid fissure	inferred	Holland LZ, October 7th 2010 in Lausanne (zholland@ucsd.edu)
MA:0000063	arteriole	VHOG:0001763	arteriole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-606"]
ZFA:0005255	arteriole	VHOG:0001763	arteriole	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-606"]
MA:0001135	white matter	VHOG:0001764	white matter	well established	"The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain." [DOI:10.1038/nature09614 "Nave KA, Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia. Nature (2010)"]
ZFA:0001682	white matter	VHOG:0001764	white matter	well established	"The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain." [DOI:10.1038/nature09614 "Nave KA, Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia. Nature (2010)"]
MA:0000071	venule	VHOG:0001765	venule	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-606"]
ZFA:0005315	venule	VHOG:0001765	venule	well established	[ISBN:978-0030223693 "Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.604-606"]
EHDAA:38	embryo	VHOG:0001766	embryo	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.197-198 and Figure 5.38"]
EMAPA:16039	embryo	VHOG:0001766	embryo	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.197-198 and Figure 5.38"]
XAO:0000113	embryo	VHOG:0001766	embryo	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.197-198 and Figure 5.38"]
MA:0001112	grey matter	VHOG:0001768	grey matter	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639-643 and Figure 16.27"]
ZFA:0001681	grey matter	VHOG:0001768	grey matter	well established	[ISBN:978-0072528305 "Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639-643 and Figure 16.27"]
MA:0000831	lateral habenular nucleus	VHOG:0001770	lateral - ventral habenular nucleus	well established	Zebrafish habenula (synonym habenular nucleus) divides into dorsal/ventral habenula, while mammalian habenula divides into medial/lateral habenula. The zebrafish ventral habenula is a homolog of the mammalian lateral habenula. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3690-09.2010 "Amo R, Aizawa H, Takahoko M, Kobayashi M, Takahashi R, Aoki T, Okamoto H, Identification of the Zebrafish ventral habenula as a homolog of the mammalian lateral habenula. The Journal of Neuroscience (2010)"]
ZFA:0000302	ventral habenular nucleus	VHOG:0001770	lateral - ventral habenular nucleus	well established	Zebrafish habenula (synonym habenular nucleus) divides into dorsal/ventral habenula, while mammalian habenula divides into medial/lateral habenula. The zebrafish ventral habenula is a homolog of the mammalian lateral habenula. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3690-09.2010 "Amo R, Aizawa H, Takahoko M, Kobayashi M, Takahashi R, Aoki T, Okamoto H, Identification of the Zebrafish ventral habenula as a homolog of the mammalian lateral habenula. The Journal of Neuroscience (2010)"]
EHDAA:544	stomatodaeum	VHOG:0001777	stomodeum	well established	"Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening." [DOI:10.1038/nature07309 "Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
EMAPA:16263	stomatodaeum	VHOG:0001777	stomodeum	well established	"Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening." [DOI:10.1038/nature07309 "Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
XAO:0000269	mouth primordium	VHOG:0001777	stomodeum	well established	"Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening." [DOI:10.1038/nature07309 "Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]
ZFA:0001290	stomodeum	VHOG:0001777	stomodeum	well established	"Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening." [DOI:10.1038/nature07309 "Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008)"]